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9th Grade 2023-2024 > Unit 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Unit 1 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Issue

A

a conflict, real or apparent, between the interests, ideas, or beliefs or different citizens

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2
Q

Politics

A

the activity by which an issue is agitated or settled

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3
Q

Power

A

the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person’s intentions

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4
Q

Authority

A

the right to use power

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5
Q

Legitimacy

A

political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution

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6
Q

Democracy

A

the rule of the many/the rule of the people

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7
Q

Direct or participatory democracy

A

a government in which all or most citizens participate directly

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8
Q

representative democracy

A

a government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote or people choose leaders to make law for them.

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9
Q

Elite

A

persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource, such as money, prestige, or expertise (in this case political power)

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10
Q

Class view

A

view that the government is dominated by capitalists

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11
Q

Power elite view

A

view that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of the government

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12
Q

Bureaucratic view

A

view that the government is dominated by appointed officials

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13
Q

Pluralist view

A

view that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy

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14
Q

Creedal passion view

A

view that morally impassioned elites drive important political changes

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15
Q

Political agenda

A

issues that people believe require governmental action

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16
Q

Cost

A

a burden that people believe they must bear if a policy is adopted

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17
Q

Benefit

A

a satisfaction that people enjoy if a policy is adopted

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18
Q

Majoritarian politics

A

almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays

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19
Q

Interest group politics

A

one small group benefits and another small group pays

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20
Q

Client politics

A

one small group benefits and almost everybody pays

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21
Q

Entrepreneurial politics

A

almost everybody benefits and a small group pays

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22
Q

Pork-barrel legislation

A

legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their voters in return

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23
Q

Log-rolling

A

a legislator supports a proposal favored by another in return for support of his or hers

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24
Q

Policy entrepreneurs

A

activists in or out of government who pull together a political majority on behalf of unorganized interests

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25
Q

Unalienable

A

a human right based on nature or God

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26
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

a weak constitution that governed American during the Revolutionary War

27
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

a meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution.

28
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

a 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

29
Q

Virginia Plan

A

proposal to create a strong national government

30
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

proposal to create a weak national government

31
Q

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

A

plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state.

32
Q

Republic

A

a government in which elected representatives make the decisions.

33
Q

Judicial Review

A

the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

34
Q

Federalism

A

government authority shared by national and local governments.

35
Q

Enumerated powers

A

powers given to the national government alone.

36
Q

Reserved powers

A

powers given to the state government alone

37
Q

Concurrent powers

A

powers shared by national and state governments.

38
Q

Separation of powers

A

sharing of constitutional authority by multiple branches of government or each branch has its own power and independence.

39
Q

Checks and balances

A

Constitutional ability of multiple branches of government to limit each other’s power.

40
Q

Faction

A

a group with a distinct political interest

41
Q

Coalition

A

an alliance of groups

42
Q

Habeas corpus

A

an order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

43
Q

Bill of Attainder

A

a law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime.

44
Q

Ex post facto law

A

a law that makes an act criminal even though the act was legal when it was committed.

45
Q

Bill of Rights

A

first 10 amendments to the Constitution.

46
Q

Sovereignty

A

the ultimate political authority in a system

47
Q

Unitary system

A

a system of government where sovereignty if fully vested in the national government, not the states.

48
Q

Confederation or confederal system

A

a system of government where state governments are sovereign, and national government can do only what the states permit.

49
Q

Federal system

A

a system of government where the national and state governments share sovereignty.

50
Q

“Necessary and proper” clause

A

section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to its duties, and that has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution.

51
Q

Nullification

A

the doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state’s opinion, violates the Constitution.

52
Q

Dual federalism

A

doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate.

53
Q

Cooperative federalism

A

idea that the federal and state governments share power in many policy areas.

54
Q

Laboratories of democracy

A

idea that the different states can implement different policies, and the successful ones will spread.

55
Q

Initiative

A

process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot.

56
Q

Referendum

A

procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.

57
Q

Recall

A

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.

58
Q

Grants-in-aid

A

money given by the national government to states.

59
Q

Categorical grants

A

federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport.

60
Q

Conditions of aid

A

terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds.

61
Q

Mandates

A

terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.

62
Q

Waiver

A

a decision by an administrative agency granting some other party permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it.

63
Q

Devolution

A

the transfer of power from the national government to state and local governments.

9th Grade 2023-2024 (5 decks)

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