Unit 1 Key Concepts Flashcards
Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from _______ to ______, _______, and ______
Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas
What does the term big geography draw attention to?
The global nature of world history
Were Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to ice age tundra
Yes
What is egalitarian?
Equal
By making an analogy with modern hunter forager societies, anthropologists infer that these bands were relatively what?
Egalitarian
How did anthropologists infer that hunter gatherers were relatively egalitarian?
By making an analogy with modern hunter forager societies
Dd humans develop varied and sophisticated technologies?
Yes
Humans used fire in new ways. List three
To aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators, and to adapt to cold wncoronments
Economic structures focused on
Small kinship groups of hunting foraging bands that could make what they needed to sirvice
Were all groups self sufficient?
No
Groups exchanged what? (3)
People, ideas, and goods
Settled agriculture appeared I several parts of the world in response to what?
Warming climates after the last ice afe
What type of food supply did the switch to agriculture create?
A more reliable, less diverse food dipply
Agriculturalists had a massive impact on the environment through intensive cultivation o selected plants to the exclusion of others, through the construction of irrigation systems, and through the use of what for food and labor?
Domesticated abimals
Pastoralists emerged in parts of
Africa and eirasia
Did pastoral people domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges.
Yes
Like agriculturalists, who tended to be more so Italy stratified than hunter gatherers?
Pastoral peoples
Why did pastoralists rarely accumulate large amounts of material possessions
Because the wre mobile and it would have been a hindrance when they changed grazing areas
Where did permanent agricultural villages emerge in first?
The lands of the eastern mediterranen
Different crops or animals were domesticated in the various core regions, depending in what?
The available local flora and fauna
How did pastoralism and agriculture lead to increase population?
They led to more reliable and abundant food supplies
What led to specialization of labor, including artisans and warriors, and development of elites
Surpluses of food and other goods
Technological innovations led to improvements in
Agricultural production, trade and transportation
Examples of improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation (5)
Pottery Plows Woven textiles Metallurgy Wheels and wheeled cehicles
In both pastoralism and agrarian societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating what?
More hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organixation
The term civilization is normally used to designate what?
Large societies with cities and powerful states
All civilizations produced what that permitted significant specialization of labor?
Agricultural surplises
All civilizations contained cities and generated complex institutions such as what? (3)
Political bureaucracies, armies, and religious hierarchies
Civilizations featured clearly stratified social hierarchies and organized what?
Lon distance reading relationships
The accumulation of wealth in settled communities spurred what? This in turn led to the development o what
Warfare between communities and or with pastoralists; new technologies of war and urban defense
Mesopotamia in what river valleys
Tigris and euphrates
Egypt in what river valley?
Nile
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in what river valley?
Indus
Shang in what river valley?
Yellow river or Huang He
Olmecs located where?
Mesoamerica Chavin in Andean South America
The first states emerged within what?
Core civilizations
States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Sadly states were often led by a _____ whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military
Ruler
Early region of state expansion or empire building were (3)
Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley
_______plays a significant role in unifying state through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art
Xukture
Did elites promote arts and artisanship?
Yes
Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and subsequently were
Diffused
States developed what, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people
Legal codes
New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in
Later periods
Examples of religious beliefs (3)
The Vedic religion
Hebrew monotheism
Zoraastrianism
Examples of trade expansion from local to regional to transregional
Between Egypt and Nubia
Between Mesopotamia and the Indus calley
Literature was a reflection of
Xulture
