UNIT 1 - Introduction to Toxicology Flashcards
Material toxic to mites
Mites are also known as?
Acaricide
Acarina
Chemical added to pesticide to increase its toxicity
Activator
Toxic component of a formulated pesticide
Active Ingredient
The ability of a material to stick to a particular surface
Adherence
A spray additive to improve either physical or chemical properties.
Give examples
Adjuvant
Supplement, Sticker, Adhesive, Spreader, Wetter, Emulsifiers
The resistance of a plant to insect i.e. having a thick cuticle, hairy leaves, and toxic sap
Antibiosis
A chemical possessing the property of inhibiting the feeding of certain insect pests.
Anti-feedant
Foodstuff used for attracting pests; usually mixed with poison
Bait
Treatment of a band of soil in row-crops, usually covering plant rows, with either sprays or granules
Band application
A general poison or toxicant
Biocide
The eating of foliage of bushes and trees
Browsing
This material serves as the diluent and vehicle for the active ingredients; usually in dusts.
Carrier
Chemical used to render an insect sterile without killing it.
Chemosterilant
a pupa enclosed inside a hardened shell formed by the previous larval skin.
Coarctate pupa
A silken case inside which a pupa is formed.
Cocoon
The ability to mix different pesticides without physical or chemical interactions which would lead to reduction in biological efficiency or increase phyto-toxicity.
Compatibility
Commercial pesticide preparation before dillution for use.
also known as:
Concentrated Solution
c.s.
Direct application of the pesticide concentrates without dillution.
Concentrate Spraying
Proportion of active ingredient in a pesticide preparation, before or after dillution.
Concentration
the study of chemicals that contaminate food, water, soil, or atmosphere.
Environmental Toxicology
Concerned with the health effects from exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
This field grew out of need to protect workers from toxic substances and to make the work environment safe.
Occupational/Industrial Toxicology
Gathers and evaluates existing toxicological information to establish concentration-based standards of “safe” exposure.
The standard is the level of a chemical the average person can withstand without damaging effects.
Regulatory Toxicology
Involved in delivering safe and edible food supply to consumers.
This includes studying additives to determine if at what amount they produce harmful effects.
Food Toxicology
Concerned with the diseases and illnesses associated with short term or long term exposure to toxic chemicals.
Clinical toxicology
Concerned with gathering toxicological information from animal experimentation.
These types of experiments can determine how much of a chemical could cause illness or death
Descriptive Toxicology
Used to establish cause and effect relationships between exposure to a drug or chemical and the toxic lethal effects that result from that exposure.
Forensic Toxicology
Identifies the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach content, excrement, or skin.
Analytical Toxicology
Makes observations on how toxic substances cause their effect. The effects exposure can depend on a number of factors, including size of the molecule, the specific tissue type of cellular components affected, whether the substance is easily dissolved in water or fatty tissues.
also defined as the study of how chemical or physical agents interact with living organisms to cause toxicity.
Mechanistic Toxicology
The study of how natural or man made poisons can cause negative effects in living organisms.
Toxicology
The branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, from the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the integrated behaviour of the whole body of the external environment.
Physiology
Damaging to either the survival or normal function of the individual.
Harmful or Adverse Effects
The degree to which the substance is poisonous or can cause injury.
Toxicity
Relates to the poisonous or deadly effects on the body by inhalation, ingestion, absorption, or by direct contact with a chemical.
Toxic
Toxic substances that are produced by or are by-products of human-made activities.
Toxicant
Naturally produced toxic substances.
It is any poisonous substance of microbial, synthetic chemical origin that reacts with specific cellular components to kill cells, alter growth or development, or kill the organism.
Toxins
Includes any sign or feeling indicating the presence of a poison in the system.
Toxic Symptom
The health effects that occur due to the exposure to the toxic substance; aka a poisonous effect on the body.
Toxic Effects
A chemical will produce injury to one kind of living matter without harming another form of life, even though the two may exist close together.
Selective Toxicity
Explain how toxicity develops.
A substance must come into contact with with a body surface skin, eye or mucosa of the digestive or respiratory tract.
the use of legislation to control importation and to prevent any spread of a pest within a country.
Legislative
the use of mechanical and physical methods of controlling pests.
Physical
Regular farm operations designed to destroy pests
Cultural
the use of chemical pesticides such as smoke, gas, dusts, sprays, to poison pests.
chemical
the use of natural predators, parasites, and disease organisms to reduce pest populations.
Biological
the very carefully reasoned use of several different methods of pest control in conjunction with each other to control pests with a minimum disturbance to the natural situation
Integrated
