Unit 1 - Introduction to the Cell

Question 1

Transmission Emission Microscopy

Answer 1

looks at thin sections of tissues - the ‘guts’ of the cell

Question 2

Fluorescence Microscopy

Answer 2

illumination and electronic image processing, sees cell components in finer detail

Question 3

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Answer 3

cell cycle/mitosis

Question 4

worm - C. elegans

Answer 4

first animal genome to be sequenced

Question 5

E.coli

Answer 5

DNA replication

Question 6

Evidence of endosymbiont theory

Answer 6

M & C …

1. similar size to bacteria
2. double membranes
3. own ribosomes
4. own genomes
5. genetically-similar to ‘parent’ bacteria as apposed to eukaryotic cells

Question 7

Endosymbiont Theory

Answer 7

• early eukaryotes originated as predators

- mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from smaller prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

generates energy to power cell

Question 9

Golgi

Answer 9

collection, packaging and distribution

Question 10

Rough ER

Answer 10

synthesis of proteins for export, insertion into membranes, lysosomes

Question 11

Nucleus

Answer 11

stores chromosomes, DNA

Question 12

Animals

Answer 12

1. Multicellular
2. Heterotrophs
3. No cell walls

Question 13

Plants

Answer 13

1. Autotrophs - self-feeding
2. cell walls
3. multicellular

Question 14

Fungi

Answer 14

1. single celled or multi cellular
2. cell walls
3. heterotrophs - dependent on external source of organic compounds

Question 15

Protists

Answer 15

1. single celled
2. most diverse group
3. much larger compared to bacteria

Question 16

Prokaryotic Cell Shapes

Answer 16

1. Rod-like
2. Spherical
3. Corkscrew

Question 17

Generic Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 17

1. No membrane-bound nucleus
2. DNA is a single strand, circular and free-floating
3. Most have a cell wall in addition to the plasma membrane
4. Ribosomes, plasmids, cytoplasm, chromosomes, flagellum (occasionally)

Question 18

archeabacteria

Answer 18

have cell walls

Question 19

(eu)bacteria

Answer 19

have cell walls (exception: mycoplasma)

Question 20

Functions of All Cells

Answer 20

1. Acquire and use energy
2. Carry out a variety of chemical reactions (cellular metabolism)
3. Engage in mechanical activities (transport, assembly/disassembly, movement)
4. Respond to signals

Question 21

The Cell Theory

Answer 21

1. All living organisms are composed of cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Question 22

Theodore Schwann

Answer 22

1839, similar aspects observed in animal cells

Question 23

Matthias Schleiden

Answer 23

Schleiden

1838, embryonic plants arose from single cell, all plant tissue composed of cells

Question 24

Robert Brown

Answer 24

1833, noticed every plant cell had a ‘kernel’ - later names nucleus

Question 25

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 25

1632-1723

• worked with glass to improve magnification abilities
• first to observe: protists of pond water, bacteria from mouth, sperm, red blood cells, banded pattern in muscle cells, -labelled “Father of Microbiology”

Question 26

Robert Hooke

Answer 26

1635-1703

• first microscope
• viewed slices of cork through microscope - said they looked like tiny little rooms

Question 27

Potential Energy (in chemical reactions)

Answer 27

making and breaking of chemical bonds

shifting of atoms from one molecule to another

Question 28

starch

Answer 28

• storage form of energy in animals

- consists of alpha glucose monomers linked by alpha 1,4 bonds (unbranched) and branched alpha 1,6 and 1,4 bonds

Question 29

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Answer 29

looks at surface details of cell/other structures

Question 30

Cytology

Answer 30

light microscopy, can see tissues clearly, ink dyes can be used to view different components of the cell

Question 31

Mouse

Answer 31

genetics well understood