Unit 1 - Introduction + Thoracic wall Flashcards
Define the terminology used in anatomy for positioning.
Describe the anatomical planes.
Describe the anatomical terms for movement.
-Extension: Angle increases
-Flexion: Angle decreases
-Abduction: Movement of structure away from midline reference point
-Adduction: Movement of structure towards midline
-Supination: Palms up
-Pronation: Palms down
-Dorsiflexion: Toes towards body
-Plantarflexion: Toes away body
-Inversion: Foot faces towards bodies midline
-Eversion: Foot moves away from the bodies midline
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO4nUzO7xoo )
Define: CNS, PNS, Somatic and Autonomic nervous system.
> CNS: controls behaviour and regulates body’s physiological processes
PNS: All nerves outside the CNS -Relays nerve impulses from the CNS to the rest of the body and from the body back to the CNS.
Somatic: -controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
Autonomic: controls involuntary movement of smooth muscle and glands
Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic
What are the main vessels of the circulatory system?
What is the surface anatomy of the chest wall?
Label the thorax
- 12 ribs > Costal cartilages which connect upper 10 pairs of ribs to sternum
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Sternum - 3 parts :
> Manubrium , Body, Xephoid process
How is the manubrium attached to the sternum? and what is the slight angle between the two called?
-What is the plane at this region?
- Attached by cartilaginous joint so there is little movement
- Sternal angle (manubriosternal joint)
-Transverse thoracic plane
What are the key features of costal cartilages?
- Costal cartilages form a series of flexible springy links between ribs and sternum
- 1st costal cartilages articulates with manubrium
- 2nd articulates with joint between manubrium and body
- 3rd to 7th articulates with body
- Costocondral junctions joins cartilages and ribs
- 7th to 10th join onto each other to form costal arch
- 11th and 12th ribs are the floating ribs
- These all form an expandable container for lungs and heart
What are the 2 openings of the thorax?
- Large opening formed on each side by costal arch and last two ribs is called inferior thoracic aperture, completely filled in by diaphragm which separates thorax to abdomen
- Smaller opening formed by manubrium, first rib and first thoracic vertebrae is called superior thoracic aperture
What is the structure of a rib?
- Thin, flat and curved as a spiral
- Curvature of rib is interrupted by by an angle which marks the insertion of the back muscle
- The front end of the rib is hollowed out for attachment of costal cartilage
- Outer aspect of rib is smoothly curved
- Inner aspect is marked by a groove where costal vessels and nerves run.
What are the true, false and floating ribs ?
What is the structure of the vertebra?
How does the rib articulate with the adjourning vertebrae?
Use Rib 5 as an example.
- Head:
> Inferior and superior articular facet with the vertebral body at the superior and inferior costal facet. *COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT - Tubercule :
>Surface of tubercle articulates with tip of the transverse process “transverse costal facet”
*COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTS
What are some features of costovertebral and costo-transverse joint ?
How are they held together?
- Synovial joints
- Permit rib movements that occur in respiration
- The joints between the ribs and vertebrae held together by Ligaments
What are the features of the 1st rib and 1st costal cartilage?
- Most tightly curved of all, Broadest
- When seen from the side, its upper border lies in a plane that’s about 30 degrees from the horizontal
- When seen from in front its flat upper surface slopes downward, also at about 30 degrees
- Articulates with manubrium at its broadest part
- Short and massive so hardly permits movement
What is the result of hardly any movement being permitted? (1st 2 ribs???)
-First two ribs, together with the manubrium, move up and down together as one solid arch
How do the scapula and clavicle articulate with the bones of the thorax?
- Articulate with the bones of the thorax at one point
- Medial end of clavicle articulates with the highest point of the manubrium, forming the sterno-clavicular joint
- Lateral end of clavicle articulates with the projection on the scapula called the acromion, forming the acromio-clavicular joint, which is very movable
- The rest of the scapula is held entirely by muscles
What are the features of external intercostal muscles?
- It’s fibres run forward, from above, downwards
What happens when we apply a pulling force in the direction of the fibres. e.g. inspiration
- Ribs move upwards, and their ends, together with the sternum, move forwards, producing an upwards and forwards movement of the anterior chest wall
What are the features of internal intercostal muscles?
- The fibers of the internal intercostals run forward, from below, upward
What happens when a force is applied in the direction of the fibres? e.g. expiration
-Ribs move downwards, and their ends together, with the sternum move backwards, causing the anterior chest wall to move downwards and backwards
What is the structure of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor? Where do they attach?
-Pectoralis major:
>Humerus
>Clavicle
>Sternum
-Pectoralis minor:
>Scapula
>3-5th rib
Describe the structure of a neuromuscular bundle.
-Between internal intercostals and innermost intercostal muscles
-Inferior portion of ribs have costal groove giving partial protection
… so insert chest drain superiorly to avoid coming into contact with bundle.
Where do the thoracic nerves supply?
-12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves which supply thoracic wall
-Leaving intervertebral paramena.. posterior and anterior rami
-Anterior rami t1 to t11 form intercostal nerves which run along the intercostal spaces along the inferior borders of the ribs
Describe 2 routes that arterial blood might take to supply the 6th intercostal space.
- Thoracic aorta > Subclavian artery > internal thoracic artery
- Thoracic aorta > Posterior intercostal artery
Intercostal neurovascular bundle: Veins
-Posterior intercostal veins > azygous vein > SVC
Name 3 structures that pass between thorax upper limb by crossing 1st rib.
-Subclavian artery
-Subclavian vein
-Brachial plexus
Name 3 structures that pass between the thorax and neck through superior thoracic aperture.
-oesophagus
-trachea
-subclavian artery
Name 3 structures that pass between the thorax and abdomen through diaphragm.
-descending aorta
-inferior vena cava
-oesophagus
What separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity?
-Diaphram
Label. How many are there of each section?
