Unit 1 - Introduction + Thoracic wall Flashcards
Define the terminology used in anatomy for positioning.
Describe the anatomical planes.
Describe the anatomical terms for movement.
-Extension: Angle increases
-Flexion: Angle decreases
-Abduction: Movement of structure away from midline reference point
-Adduction: Movement of structure towards midline
-Supination: Palms up
-Pronation: Palms down
-Dorsiflexion: Toes towards body
-Plantarflexion: Toes away body
-Inversion: Foot faces towards bodies midline
-Eversion: Foot moves away from the bodies midline
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO4nUzO7xoo )
Define: CNS, PNS, Somatic and Autonomic nervous system.
> CNS: controls behaviour and regulates body’s physiological processes
PNS: All nerves outside the CNS -Relays nerve impulses from the CNS to the rest of the body and from the body back to the CNS.
Somatic: -controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
Autonomic: controls involuntary movement of smooth muscle and glands
Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic
What are the main vessels of the circulatory system?
What is the surface anatomy of the chest wall?
Label the thorax
- 12 ribs > Costal cartilages which connect upper 10 pairs of ribs to sternum
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Sternum - 3 parts :
> Manubrium , Body, Xephoid process
How is the manubrium attached to the sternum? and what is the slight angle between the two called?
-What is the plane at this region?
- Attached by cartilaginous joint so there is little movement
- Sternal angle (manubriosternal joint)
-Transverse thoracic plane
What are the key features of costal cartilages?
- Costal cartilages form a series of flexible springy links between ribs and sternum
- 1st costal cartilages articulates with manubrium
- 2nd articulates with joint between manubrium and body
- 3rd to 7th articulates with body
- Costocondral junctions joins cartilages and ribs
- 7th to 10th join onto each other to form costal arch
- 11th and 12th ribs are the floating ribs
- These all form an expandable container for lungs and heart
What are the 2 openings of the thorax?
- Large opening formed on each side by costal arch and last two ribs is called inferior thoracic aperture, completely filled in by diaphragm which separates thorax to abdomen
- Smaller opening formed by manubrium, first rib and first thoracic vertebrae is called superior thoracic aperture
What is the structure of a rib?
- Thin, flat and curved as a spiral
- Curvature of rib is interrupted by by an angle which marks the insertion of the back muscle
- The front end of the rib is hollowed out for attachment of costal cartilage
- Outer aspect of rib is smoothly curved
- Inner aspect is marked by a groove where costal vessels and nerves run.
What are the true, false and floating ribs ?
What is the structure of the vertebra?
How does the rib articulate with the adjourning vertebrae?
Use Rib 5 as an example.
- Head:
> Inferior and superior articular facet with the vertebral body at the superior and inferior costal facet. *COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT - Tubercule :
>Surface of tubercle articulates with tip of the transverse process “transverse costal facet”
*COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTS
What are some features of costovertebral and costo-transverse joint ?
How are they held together?
- Synovial joints
- Permit rib movements that occur in respiration
- The joints between the ribs and vertebrae held together by Ligaments
What are the features of the 1st rib and 1st costal cartilage?
- Most tightly curved of all, Broadest
- When seen from the side, its upper border lies in a plane that’s about 30 degrees from the horizontal
- When seen from in front its flat upper surface slopes downward, also at about 30 degrees
- Articulates with manubrium at its broadest part
- Short and massive so hardly permits movement
How do the scapula and clavicle articulate with the bones of the thorax?
- Articulate with the bones of the thorax at one point
- Medial end of clavicle articulates with the highest point of the manubrium, forming the sterno-clavicular joint
- Lateral end of clavicle articulates with the projection on the scapula called the acromion, forming the acromio-clavicular joint, which is very movable
- The rest of the scapula is held entirely by muscles
What are the features of internal intercostal muscles?
- The fibers of the internal intercostals run forward, from below, upward
What is the structure of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor? Where do they attach?
-Pectoralis major:
>Humerus
>Clavicle
>Sternum
-Pectoralis minor:
>Scapula
>3-5th rib
Describe the structure of a neuromuscular bundle.
-Between internal intercostals and innermost intercostal muscles
-Inferior portion of ribs have costal groove giving partial protection
… so insert chest drain superiorly to avoid coming into contact with bundle.
Where do the thoracic nerves supply?
-12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves which supply thoracic wall
-Leaving intervertebral paramena.. posterior and anterior rami
-Anterior rami t1 to t11 form intercostal nerves which run along the intercostal spaces along the inferior borders of the ribs
Describe 2 routes that arterial blood might take to supply the 6th intercostal space.
- Thoracic aorta > Subclavian artery > internal thoracic artery
- Thoracic aorta > Posterior intercostal artery
Intercostal neurovascular bundle: Veins
-Posterior intercostal veins > azygous vein > SVC
Name 3 structures that pass between thorax upper limb by crossing 1st rib.
-Subclavian artery
-Subclavian vein
-Brachial plexus
What separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity?
-Diaphram
Label. How many are there of each section?
