Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Unit 1: Intro & Biomolecules > Flashcards

Unit 1: Intro & Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis is:

A

dynamic constancy of the internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

maintenance of _____________ is the key role of physiological systems.

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Negative Feedback is

A

the principle mechanism by which homeostasis is maintained

[response opposes change in stimulus]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

while anatomy focuses on the structure of body systems, physiology focuses on:

A

the function of body systems [what and how they do things]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the core concept of physiology (and healthcare) ?

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

negative feedback is _____ common than positive feedback

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

positive feedback

A

response enhances change in stimulus

ex) childbirth- oxytocin enhanced to contract uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______ is anything that occupies space and has mass

A

matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ is the ability to do work, to put matter into motion

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 types of energy?

A

potential - stored [needed for energy reserves]

kinetic - motion/movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the smallest units of matter are:

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____ cannot be broken down by chemical means

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Number of ______ determines atom’s identity

A

protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Covalent bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ionic bonds

A

atoms interact by transferring electrons

[ions attract opposites]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

anything with a charge is described as

A

polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hydrogen bonds are easily

A

formed and broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 types of chemical reactions are

A

synthesis- bonds formed

decomposition- bonds broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

waters, salts, acids, bases, and buffers[usually] are all:

A

inorganic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all:

A

organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the most prevalent inorganic molecular compound in living systems is

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

salts form ____ in water

A

ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

acids result in _____ hydrogen ions

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bases result in ____ hydrogen ions

A

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the building blocks [monomers] of proteins are

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

There are about ____ amino acids

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

primary structure determines:

A

identity- shape and function of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

monomers of nucleic acids are

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nucleotides, at their core, are

A

sugar molecules with attached nitrogen base [base gives identity] + attached to a phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

mechanism is

A

the “how” of a system

-examines process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is the intracellular fluid compartment?
Examples?

A

what’s inside the cells
cells that make up the boundary and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where is the extracellular fluid compartment?
Examples?

A

watery internal environment that surrounds cells

serves as the transition between organism’s external environment and intracellular fluid inside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the sudivisions of the extracellular compartment

A

everything internal to the body but not enclosed inside blood vessels= interstitial fluid- what all cells are exposed to [tissue fluid]

plasma- inside blood vessels [blood cells]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where do you find interstitial fluid?
Alternative names for this and the space it defines?

A

found in spaces around cells

AKA intercellular or tissue fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe primary components of feedback system

A

Stimulus
Sensor
Input signal
Integrating center [proccessing and control]
effector- muscle/gland
output signal
target
response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Provide examples of homeostatically controlled physiological variables

A

heart rate
blood pressure
respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe a simple single effector control system

A

deviation from set point results in return to set point or does not result in a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe a tonic single effector control system

A

-ONE effector that can have OPPOSITE effects
- regulates physiological parameters in the up-down fashion

ex) - blood pressure (blood vessel constricts or dilates in response to how fast or slow the neuron is firing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe an antagonistic control system

A

uses 2 opposing effectors

ex) regulating body temperature- shivering / sweating

ex) heart rate regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define intrinsic

A

from within, or “autoregulation.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is intrinsic regulation?

A

AKA autoregulation/intrinsic control

-refers to a physiological mechanism by which a specific organ/tissue/system within the body maintains its own function or homeostasis without requiring external or central control.

-occurs locally within the tissue or organ itself, allowing it to adapt to changing conditions and ensure its optimal functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define extrinsic

A

includes elements outside of the effector

regulation system that includes different sensors, regulators, and effectors.

systemic regulation (physiological response) [[shivering/sweating]] or behavioral regulation [[putting on a jacket]]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

provide example of extrinsic regulation

A

systemic regulation

ex) heart rate regulation mediated by NS (integrator), in response to inputs from body’s sensory receptors

shivering (physiological) or putting on more clothes (behavioral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

afferent

A

Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors found all over the body towards the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cytology

A

studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

efferent

A

efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body in order to initiate an action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

histology

A

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

pathology

A

study of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

pathophysiology

A

the study of body functions in a disease state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

pharmacology

A

study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

thinking about a physiological event in terms of its adaptive significance is the __________________________ to science

A

teleological approach

[explains WHY not how]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

physiology is the study of the

A

normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which of the following is part of the extracellular compartment?

interstitial fluid
cytosol
plasma
nucleoplasm
cytoplasm

A

interstitial fluid
plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Negative feedback is a common form of maintaining homeostasis. Negative feedback _______________ changes to the internal environment

A

opposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Physiology is the study of:

A

the mechanism of function of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Positive feedback systems work by ____________ deviations from set point.

A

amplifying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The molecular category associated with minimizing changes in ph is:

A

buffers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Bonds that form when electrons are shared between atoms include:

A

polar covalent & covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

If a substance has a pH that is less than 7, it is considered:

A

acidic

57
Q

The interaction between water molecules that are responsible for the surface tension of water:

A

hydrogen bonds

58
Q

All of the following molecular categories exhibit the ability to polymerize EXCEPT:

carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
lipids

A

lipids

59
Q

The unique functional properties of a protein is due to the proteins _______

A

3d shape

60
Q

_______ are made of non-polar, hydrophobic molecules

A

lipids

61
Q

the interior of any hollow organ is called:

A

its lumen

62
Q

cell membranes consist of microscopic
_____________________ with protein molecules inserted in them

A

bi-layers of phospholipids

63
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

-physical isolation
-regulation of exchange with environment
-communication between cell & environment
-structural support

64
Q

neural control is very specific because each neuron has a:

A

specific target cell(s) to which it sends its message

65
Q

the nervous system uses both ________ and _______ signals to send info throughout the body

A

electrical and chemical

66
Q

neural reflexes are much ________ than endocrine reflexes

A

faster

67
Q

molecules that contain carbon are known as

A

organic molecules

68
Q

organic molecules associated with living organisms are also called

A

biomolecules

69
Q

The 4 major groups of biomolecules are

A

carbs
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

70
Q

DNA and RNA are the structural components of

A

genetic material

71
Q

Conjugated proteins

A

protein molecules combined with another kind of biomolecule

ex) lipoproteins; glycoproteins

72
Q

Polymers

A

biomolecules that are large molecules made up on repeating units

73
Q

functional groups

A

combination of elements that occur repeatedly in biological molecules

74
Q

What are the 4 major biological roles of electrons?

A

Covalent bonds- bind atoms together

Ions- basis for electrical signaling in body

High-energy electrons- energy is used for synthesis, movement, and other life processes

Free radicals- unstable molecules that contribute to aging/diseases

75
Q

_________ molecules have positive and negative ends/poles

A

polar

76
Q

A nonpolar molecule is one whose shared electrons are distributed so evenly that there are :

A

no regions of partial positive or negative charge

77
Q

anions are

A

negatively charged ions

78
Q

cations are

A

positively charged ions

79
Q

ionic bonds result from attraction between

A

ions with opposite charges

80
Q

H2O is a good example of a _____ molecule

A

polar

81
Q

a hydrogen bond is a weak attractive force between a __________________ and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom

A

hydrogen atom

82
Q

molecules that are soluble in water are said to be

A

hydrophilic

83
Q

molecules such as oils that do not dissolve well in water are said to be

A

hydrophobic

84
Q

a molecule’s shape is closely related to its:

A

function

85
Q

some proteins act as ________: biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

A

enzymes

[important for metabolism]

86
Q

proteins that bind signal molecules and initiate cellular responses are called:

A

receptors

87
Q

_________ proteins turn cell processes on and off or up and down

A

regulatory

88
Q

enzymes lower __________ _______ of reaction

A

activation energy

89
Q

________ are the key to cell function

A

proteins

90
Q

The pH scale is specifically a measure of:

A

hydrogen ion concentration

91
Q

______ molecules are non-polar

A

lipid

92
Q

Interactions between atoms are a property of the atoms:

A

electrons

93
Q

In a typical negative feedback system, there are three key components; a sensor, an integrator and effectors.

The _________ detects the amplitude of a stimulus (i.e. speed)

A

sensor

94
Q

the sensor in the feedback system only:

A

detects stimuli

-measures amount of change & relays info by way of afferent pathway to integrator

95
Q

The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of

A

solute per volume of solution

96
Q

The vasodilation of the blood vessels in muscles in response to the muscles production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of _______ control

A

local

97
Q

highly soluble biological molecules can also be called a:

A

solute

98
Q

highly soluble biological molecules are very likely to ___________ in water

A

dissolve

99
Q

According to the second law of thermodynamics, all things spontaneously transition from a :

A

high energy state to a low energy state

100
Q

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to:

A

oppose changes to the internal environment

101
Q

Physiological systems often exibit some activity when in the resting state. This allows these systems and associated effectors to increase or decrease their activity as needed in response to a stimulus. The resting level of activity is called:

A

tone

102
Q

All negative feedback systems function by _______ changes in the internal environment.

A

opposing

103
Q

Anabolic hormones have been used by athletes to improve performance. These “steroids” belong to which organic molecule categories:

A

lipid

104
Q

The observed state of dynamic constancy within the “internal environment” is called:

A

homeostasis

105
Q

What are the only two variables that can be quantitatively measured (without modification) by electronic bioinstrumentation like the instruments in lab?

A

voltage
time

106
Q

A pH 3.7 solution would be described as:

A

acidic

107
Q

cells maintain a resting potential as long as ___________________________is unchanged

A

ion permeability and concentration

108
Q

if the cell’s permeability to any ion changes, the potential of the cell will change. This is called:

A

Excitability

109
Q

excitability is due to the controlled opening and closing of ________________

A

ion channels

110
Q

The ___________ is the processing and control center

A

integrator

111
Q

What does the integrator do?

A

takes the info from the sensor and info associated with setpoint and compares them

if different, it will produce a response relayed by efferent pathway to effector

112
Q

The effector is typically a

A

muscle or gland; produces response/effect that adjusts initial stimulus

ex) stimulus is elevation in body temp; response = pull temp back down to correct for change in stimulus [[[negative feedback]]]

113
Q

_____ means there is activity at rest that can be increased or decreased

A

“tone”

114
Q

if there is “tone”, a ________________ system can be more effective

A

single effector

115
Q

our blood vessels exhibit _______ control, which allows them to respond to changes in the internal Co2 levels

A

local

116
Q

electrons

A

~tiny mass
~in motion in orbits
~negative charge
~determine how atoms will interact with other atoms
~electrons can be added or removed = ions

117
Q

neutrons

A

have no charge & change the isotope form of elements

118
Q

atomic number is found

A

on top of the element symbol in the periodic table

119
Q

atomic weight is found

A

under the element symbol in the periodic table

120
Q

endothermic vs exothermic

A

endothermic- heat absorbed

exothermic- heat released

121
Q

endergonic vs exergonic

A

endergonic- requires energy

exergonic- release energy

122
Q

anabolic vs catabolic

A

anabolic- uses energy

catabolic- releases energy

123
Q

Describe the characteristics of water.

A

~broad spectrum, universal solvent
~high heat capacity
~high heat of vaporization
~”sticky” properties (adhesive, cohesive)

124
Q

Describe the characteristics of salts.

A

~dissolve in water
~form ions in waters
-crystalline arrangement
-important role in water composition/distribution/charges

125
Q

Describe the characteristics of acids and bases.

A

Dissociate in water and produce ions

Acids- when placed in water, release hydrogen ions
[proton donor]

Bases- attract and remove hydrogen ions from water
[proton acceptor]

126
Q

Describe the characteristics of buffers.

A

~molecules that resist pH changes
~will absorb and release hydrogen ions
~critical for stabilizing pH

127
Q

Define “monomer” and “polymer”.

A

monomer- molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain

polymer- many monomers linked together

128
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

A

monosaccharides

[basic building block] -smallest molecules that are carbohydrates

129
Q

3 forms of polysaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

1] Starch - made of glucose

2] Glycogen - energy storage for humans [not as efficient as lipids]

3] Cellulose - stable, not digestible; structural; plant cell wall

130
Q

Compare and contrast between triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.

A

triglycerides- glycerol backbone & positions for 3 fatty acids
~primarily used for energy storage; also important in thermoregulation & padding/protection

phospholipids- glycerol base w/ 2 non-polar fatty acid tails & phosphate group [polar head w/ charge]
~form cell membrane

steroids- common role as cellular signals

131
Q

What are the polymers of proteins called?

A

polypeptides or proteins

132
Q

Describe the different levels of protein structure.

A

Primary- amino acid sequence

Secondary- amino acid sequence folding ~ Alpha helix or pleated sheet

Tertiary- irregular loops/folds; 3d shape ~ polypeptide; ionic and covalent bonds

Quaternary- not all proteins; sometimes individual proteins interact with other proteins of the same time; 3d shape; 2x alpha chain 2x beta chains.

132
Q

What is the significance of hydrogen bonds to protein function?

A

amino acid sequence folding is primarily due to hydrogen bonds

133
Q

What is the general role of protein in living things?

A

~critical as they do all of the work
~any action within a cell is a property of a protein

134
Q

Name & describe two types of nucleic acid polymer

A

DNA- sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogen base; double helix; info bearing molecule; nucleotide sequence convey recipe for amino acid order to form proteins; stores and transfers genetic info

RNA- directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins

135
Q

What is the role of nucleic acids in living things?

A

carry genetic information which is read in cells to make the RNA and proteins by which living things function

136
Q

The mass of an atom is mostly made up of

A

Protons and neutrons

137
Q

first electron shell can hold -
outermost electron shell can hold -

A

2

8

138
Q

polar covalent bonds occur when-

A

electrons are shared, but sharing is unequal,

so electrons are spending more time with one atom

139
Q

________ bonds are formed by attraction between weak charges on polar molecules

A

hydrogen

140
Q

Inorganic compounds do not have atoms of :

A

carbon

141
Q

Organic compounds always have atoms of :

A

carbon

142
Q

organic compounds are products of

A

living things/processes

143
Q

as hydrogen ion levels increase, pH values _________

A

decrease

Physiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions