Unit 1: Intro & Biomolecules Flashcards
1
Q
Homeostasis is:
A
dynamic constancy of the internal environment
2
Q
maintenance of _____________ is the key role of physiological systems.
A
homeostasis
3
Q
Negative Feedback is
A
the principle mechanism by which homeostasis is maintained
[response opposes change in stimulus]
3
Q
while anatomy focuses on the structure of body systems, physiology focuses on:
A
the function of body systems [what and how they do things]
3
Q
What is the core concept of physiology (and healthcare) ?
A
homeostasis
4
Q
negative feedback is _____ common than positive feedback
A
more
5
Q
positive feedback
A
response enhances change in stimulus
ex) childbirth- oxytocin enhanced to contract uterus
6
Q
_______ is anything that occupies space and has mass
A
matter
7
Q
______ is the ability to do work, to put matter into motion
A
energy
8
Q
what are the 2 types of energy?
A
potential - stored [needed for energy reserves]
kinetic - motion/movement
9
Q
the smallest units of matter are:
A
atoms
10
Q
_____ cannot be broken down by chemical means
A
atoms
11
Q
Number of ______ determines atom’s identity
A
protons
12
Q
Covalent bonds
A
equal sharing of electrons
13
Q
ionic bonds
A
atoms interact by transferring electrons
[ions attract opposites]
14
Q
anything with a charge is described as
A
polar
15
Q
hydrogen bonds are easily
A
formed and broken
16
Q
2 types of chemical reactions are
A
synthesis- bonds formed
decomposition- bonds broken
17
Q
waters, salts, acids, bases, and buffers[usually] are all:
A
inorganic compounds
18
Q
carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all:
A
organic compounds
19
Q
the most prevalent inorganic molecular compound in living systems is
A
water
20
Q
salts form ____ in water
A
ions
21
Q
acids result in _____ hydrogen ions
A
more
22
Q
bases result in ____ hydrogen ions
A
less
23
the building blocks [monomers] of proteins are
Amino acids
24
There are about ____ amino acids
20
25
primary structure determines:
identity- shape and function of protein
26
monomers of nucleic acids are
nucleotides
27
Nucleotides, at their core, are
sugar molecules with attached nitrogen base [base gives identity] + attached to a phosphate
28
mechanism is
the "how" of a system
-examines process
29
where is the intracellular fluid compartment?
Examples?
what's inside the cells
cells that make up the boundary and blood vessels
30
Where is the extracellular fluid compartment?
Examples?
watery internal environment that surrounds cells
serves as the transition between organism's external environment and intracellular fluid inside cells
31
Describe the sudivisions of the extracellular compartment
everything internal to the body but not enclosed inside blood vessels= interstitial fluid- what all cells are exposed to [tissue fluid]
plasma- inside blood vessels [blood cells]
32
where do you find interstitial fluid?
Alternative names for this and the space it defines?
found in spaces around cells
AKA intercellular or tissue fluid
33
Describe primary components of feedback system
Stimulus
Sensor
Input signal
Integrating center [proccessing and control]
effector- muscle/gland
output signal
target
response
34
Provide examples of homeostatically controlled physiological variables
heart rate
blood pressure
respiratory rate
35
Describe a simple single effector control system
deviation from set point results in return to set point or does not result in a response
36
Describe a tonic single effector control system
-ONE effector that can have OPPOSITE effects
- regulates physiological parameters in the up-down fashion
ex) - blood pressure (blood vessel constricts or dilates in response to how fast or slow the neuron is firing)
37
Describe an antagonistic control system
uses 2 opposing effectors
ex) regulating body temperature- shivering / sweating
ex) heart rate regulation
38
Define intrinsic
from within, or "autoregulation."
39
What is intrinsic regulation?
AKA autoregulation/intrinsic control
-refers to a physiological mechanism by which a specific organ/tissue/system within the body maintains its own function or homeostasis without requiring external or central control.
-occurs locally within the tissue or organ itself, allowing it to adapt to changing conditions and ensure its optimal functioning.
40
Define extrinsic
includes elements outside of the effector
regulation system that includes different sensors, regulators, and effectors.
systemic regulation (physiological response) [[shivering/sweating]] or behavioral regulation [[putting on a jacket]]
41
provide example of extrinsic regulation
systemic regulation
ex) heart rate regulation mediated by NS (integrator), in response to inputs from body's sensory receptors
shivering (physiological) or putting on more clothes (behavioral)
42
afferent
Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors found all over the body towards the central nervous system
43
cytology
studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
44
efferent
efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body in order to initiate an action.
45
histology
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
46
pathology
study of disease
47
pathophysiology
the study of body functions in a disease state
48
pharmacology
study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms
49
thinking about a physiological event in terms of its adaptive significance is the __________________________ to science
teleological approach
[explains WHY not how]
50
physiology is the study of the
normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes
51
Which of the following is part of the extracellular compartment?
interstitial fluid
cytosol
plasma
nucleoplasm
cytoplasm
interstitial fluid
plasma
52
Negative feedback is a common form of maintaining homeostasis. Negative feedback _______________ changes to the internal environment
opposes
53
Physiology is the study of:
the mechanism of function of living organisms
53
Positive feedback systems work by ____________ deviations from set point.
amplifying
54
The molecular category associated with minimizing changes in ph is:
buffers
55
Bonds that form when electrons are shared between atoms include:
polar covalent & covalent bonds
56
If a substance has a pH that is less than 7, it is considered:
acidic
57
The interaction between water molecules that are responsible for the surface tension of water:
hydrogen bonds
58
All of the following molecular categories exhibit the ability to polymerize EXCEPT:
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
lipids
lipids
59
The unique functional properties of a protein is due to the proteins _______
3d shape
60
_______ are made of non-polar, hydrophobic molecules
lipids
61
the interior of any hollow organ is called:
its lumen
62
cell membranes consist of microscopic
_____________________ with protein molecules inserted in them
bi-layers of phospholipids
63
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
-physical isolation
-regulation of exchange with environment
-communication between cell & environment
-structural support
64
neural control is very specific because each neuron has a:
specific target cell(s) to which it sends its message
65
the nervous system uses both ________ and _______ signals to send info throughout the body
electrical and chemical
66
neural reflexes are much ________ than endocrine reflexes
faster
67
molecules that contain carbon are known as
organic molecules
68
organic molecules associated with living organisms are also called
biomolecules
69
The 4 major groups of biomolecules are
carbs
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
70
DNA and RNA are the structural components of
genetic material
71
Conjugated proteins
protein molecules combined with another kind of biomolecule
ex) lipoproteins; glycoproteins
72
Polymers
biomolecules that are large molecules made up on repeating units
73
functional groups
combination of elements that occur repeatedly in biological molecules
74
What are the 4 major biological roles of electrons?
Covalent bonds- bind atoms together
Ions- basis for electrical signaling in body
High-energy electrons- energy is used for synthesis, movement, and other life processes
Free radicals- unstable molecules that contribute to aging/diseases
75
_________ molecules have positive and negative ends/poles
polar
76
A nonpolar molecule is one whose shared electrons are distributed so evenly that there are :
no regions of partial positive or negative charge
77
anions are
negatively charged ions
78
cations are
positively charged ions
79
ionic bonds result from attraction between
ions with opposite charges
80
H2O is a good example of a _____ molecule
polar
81
a hydrogen bond is a weak attractive force between a __________________ and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom
hydrogen atom
82
molecules that are soluble in water are said to be
hydrophilic
83
molecules such as oils that do not dissolve well in water are said to be
hydrophobic
84
a molecule's shape is closely related to its:
function
85
some proteins act as ________: biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
enzymes
[important for metabolism]
86
proteins that bind signal molecules and initiate cellular responses are called:
receptors
87
_________ proteins turn cell processes on and off or up and down
regulatory
88
enzymes lower __________ _______ of reaction
activation energy
89
________ are the key to cell function
proteins
90
The pH scale is specifically a measure of:
hydrogen ion concentration
91
______ molecules are non-polar
lipid
92
Interactions between atoms are a property of the atoms:
electrons
93
In a typical negative feedback system, there are three key components; a sensor, an integrator and effectors.
The _________ detects the amplitude of a stimulus (i.e. speed)
sensor
94
the sensor in the feedback system only:
detects stimuli
-measures amount of change & relays info by way of afferent pathway to integrator
95
The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of
solute per volume of solution
96
The vasodilation of the blood vessels in muscles in response to the muscles production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of _______ control
local
97
highly soluble biological molecules can also be called a:
solute
98
highly soluble biological molecules are very likely to ___________ in water
dissolve
99
According to the second law of thermodynamics, all things spontaneously transition from a :
high energy state to a low energy state
100
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to:
oppose changes to the internal environment
101
Physiological systems often exibit some activity when in the resting state. This allows these systems and associated effectors to increase or decrease their activity as needed in response to a stimulus. The resting level of activity is called:
tone
102
All negative feedback systems function by _______ changes in the internal environment.
opposing
103
Anabolic hormones have been used by athletes to improve performance. These “steroids” belong to which organic molecule categories:
lipid
104
The observed state of dynamic constancy within the “internal environment” is called:
homeostasis
105
What are the only two variables that can be quantitatively measured (without modification) by electronic bioinstrumentation like the instruments in lab?
voltage
time
106
A pH 3.7 solution would be described as:
acidic
107
cells maintain a resting potential as long as ___________________________is unchanged
ion permeability and concentration
108
if the cell's permeability to any ion changes, the potential of the cell will change. This is called:
Excitability
109
excitability is due to the controlled opening and closing of ________________
ion channels
110
The ___________ is the processing and control center
integrator
111
What does the integrator do?
takes the info from the sensor and info associated with setpoint and compares them
if different, it will produce a response relayed by efferent pathway to effector
112
The effector is typically a
muscle or gland; produces response/effect that adjusts initial stimulus
ex) stimulus is elevation in body temp; response = pull temp back down to correct for change in stimulus [[[negative feedback]]]
113
_____ means there is activity at rest that can be increased or decreased
"tone"
114
if there is "tone", a ________________ system can be more effective
single effector
115
our blood vessels exhibit _______ control, which allows them to respond to changes in the internal Co2 levels
local
116
electrons
~tiny mass
~in motion in orbits
~negative charge
~determine how atoms will interact with other atoms
~electrons can be added or removed = ions
117
neutrons
have no charge & change the isotope form of elements
118
atomic number is found
on top of the element symbol in the periodic table
119
atomic weight is found
under the element symbol in the periodic table
120
endothermic vs exothermic
endothermic- heat absorbed
exothermic- heat released
121
endergonic vs exergonic
endergonic- requires energy
exergonic- release energy
122
anabolic vs catabolic
anabolic- uses energy
catabolic- releases energy
123
Describe the characteristics of water.
~broad spectrum, universal solvent
~high heat capacity
~high heat of vaporization
~"sticky" properties (adhesive, cohesive)
124
Describe the characteristics of salts.
~dissolve in water
~form ions in waters
-crystalline arrangement
-important role in water composition/distribution/charges
125
Describe the characteristics of acids and bases.
Dissociate in water and produce ions
Acids- when placed in water, release hydrogen ions
[proton donor]
Bases- attract and remove hydrogen ions from water
[proton acceptor]
126
Describe the characteristics of buffers.
~molecules that resist pH changes
~will absorb and release hydrogen ions
~critical for stabilizing pH
127
Define “monomer” and “polymer”.
monomer- molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain
polymer- many monomers linked together
128
What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?
monosaccharides
[basic building block] -smallest molecules that are carbohydrates
129
3 forms of polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
1] Starch - made of glucose
2] Glycogen - energy storage for humans [not as efficient as lipids]
3] Cellulose - stable, not digestible; structural; plant cell wall
130
Compare and contrast between triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.
triglycerides- glycerol backbone & positions for 3 fatty acids
~primarily used for energy storage; also important in thermoregulation & padding/protection
phospholipids- glycerol base w/ 2 non-polar fatty acid tails & phosphate group [polar head w/ charge]
~form cell membrane
steroids- common role as cellular signals
131
What are the polymers of proteins called?
polypeptides or proteins
132
Describe the different levels of protein structure.
Primary- amino acid sequence
Secondary- amino acid sequence folding ~ Alpha helix or pleated sheet
Tertiary- irregular loops/folds; 3d shape ~ polypeptide; ionic and covalent bonds
Quaternary- not all proteins; sometimes individual proteins interact with other proteins of the same time; 3d shape; 2x alpha chain 2x beta chains.
132
What is the significance of hydrogen bonds to protein function?
amino acid sequence folding is primarily due to hydrogen bonds
133
What is the general role of protein in living things?
~critical as they do all of the work
~any action within a cell is a property of a protein
134
Name & describe two types of nucleic acid polymer
DNA- sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogen base; double helix; info bearing molecule; nucleotide sequence convey recipe for amino acid order to form proteins; stores and transfers genetic info
RNA- directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins
135
What is the role of nucleic acids in living things?
carry genetic information which is read in cells to make the RNA and proteins by which living things function
136
The mass of an atom is mostly made up of
Protons and neutrons
137
first electron shell can hold -
outermost electron shell can hold -
2
8
138
polar covalent bonds occur when-
electrons are shared, but sharing is unequal,
so electrons are spending more time with one atom
139
________ bonds are formed by attraction between weak charges on polar molecules
hydrogen
140
Inorganic compounds do not have atoms of :
carbon
141
Organic compounds always have atoms of :
carbon
142
organic compounds are products of
living things/processes
143
as hydrogen ion levels increase, pH values _________
decrease
