Unit 1: Cell metabolism/Membrane transport Flashcards
metabolism
the sum of all physical and chemical reactions occurring within a living system
anabolism VS catabolism
1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd law of thermodynamics is that all things tend towards:
disorder (= entropy)
activation energy
litle bit of energy is always required for all reactions
enzyme function is based on
shape
also- (how charges are distributed + size)
enzymes are NOT _____________________ in the reaction
altered or used up
[may be re-used multiple x]
enzymes are able to change ______ during reaction
shape
what are the different types of regulation of enzyme function?
- control of enzyme synthesis
- control of enzyme activity [competitors/ allosteric]
- Cofactors [usually minerals] & coenzymes [usually vitamins]
2 types of cellular respiration
A. Aerobic respiration
-requires oxygen
-most efficient (36-38 ATP)
B. Anaerobic respiration
-does not require oxygen
-less efficient
Glycolysis
location:
reactants:
products:
ctyoplasm
Glucose
>
2 ATP, 2 NADH, pyruvates
Citric acid cycle
AKA Krebs / TCA cycle
location:
reactants:
products:
mitochondria
pyruvate (2)
>
2 ATP
10 NADH
6 Co2
Electron transport system
location:
reactants:
products:
mitrochondria
12 NADH [10 NADH & 2 FADH2]
O2
>
32 ATP
6 H2O
Anaerobic cell metabolism
[lactic acid fermentation]
location:
reactants:
products:
Cytoplasm
glucose
>
2 ATP [per glucose]
Lactic acid
enzymes can increase the odds that a reaction will occur by lowering the :
activation energy of the reaction
Binding a molecule to an enzyme at a location different from the enzymes active site results in inhibition of the enzymes function. This type of interaction is called:
non-competitive inhibition
allosteric binding
Which of the three major steps of aerobic respiration does NOT occur in the mitochondria?
glycolysis
The point when increasing the amount of substrate no longer increases reaction rate because the active site of every enzyme is continually refilled with substrate, is a point described as:
saturation
What type of bond, if any, is broken when an enzyme is denatured?
hydrogen bond
A solution is a mixture of:
solvent [the fluid medium]
&
solutes [molecules dissolved into the fluid]
the plasma membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates:
what may cross into / out of the cell
passive transport
Movement due to physical law (high > low)
cell not required to contribute
—Diffusion—
[simple diffusion]
simple diffusion
type of passive transport
net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
In facilitated diffusion, a _______ ________ is needed to carry the molecule across a membrane.
protein carrier
[molecules still move high to low]
osmosis is a type of ______ transport
passive
_________ is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of LOW solute concentration to HIGH solute concentration until equilibrium is reached
Osmosis
Tonicity
relative osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure measures the ________ driving the movement
force/energy
hypertonic VS hypotonic
hypertonic- high concentration; high osmotic pressure
hypotonic- low concentration; low osmotic pressure
isotonic
same concentration & osmotic pressure
enzymes are not _______ __ ______ ____ in the reaction
altered or used up
enzymes are able to change ______ during reaction
shape
Enzyme function is dependent on their 3d shape which can be disrupted by:
temperature (heat)
pH
enzyme function can be regulated by controlling the # of active enzymes by:
controlling rate of synthesis or removal
using regulators to inhibit/activate enzymes
Enzyme-regulated reactions can be regulated by :
controlling substrate availability
-by sequestration
-by coenzymes
or by controlling ATP availability
A coffee maker is an example of a _________ gradient
pressure
A pressure gradient is
AKA filtration
movement due to a pressure difference
[hydrostatic pressure]
active transport requires
energy from the cell
in active transport, molecules are pushed across the membrane at the expense of :
energy [against the flow]
[using ATP]
primary VS secondary active transport
primary- protein pump uses ATP; ATP is used to move molecules from low to high concentration area
secondary- also relies on ATP; similar, but molecule A diffuses causing movement of molecule B
endocytosis
AKA phagocytosis
taking in of matter by a cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.
Membrane transport falls into 3 main categories:
enzymes
recognition / cell identity markers
cell to cell binders
receptors
transporters are all functions of:
membrane proteins
Osmosis is the movement of _________
across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of ______concentration to ____concentration until equilibrium is reached.
solvent
low
high