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Higher Human Biology - Access to HE Nursing > Unit 1: Human Cells - Key Area 1 - Division and differentiation in human cells > Flashcards

Unit 1: Human Cells - Key Area 1 - Division and differentiation in human cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than cells involved in reproduction.

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2
Q

Why do somatic cells divide?

A

Somatic cells divide during growth and repair to increase and maintain total cell numbers.

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3
Q

How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do diploid cells have?

A

Diploid cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

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4
Q

Why is the maintenance of the chromosome complement important?

A

The maintenance of the chromosome complement is important to ensure that no genetic information is lost or duplicated and that each daughter cell contains all of the characteristics of its species.

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5
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated and have a unique property in that they can not only make new copies of themselves(self renew), but can also differentiate to become a range of specific cell types.

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6
Q

What is Cellular Differentiation?

A

Cellular Differentiation is a process in which an unspecialised cell becomes one of the many specialised cells that make up the tissues within a multicellular organism due to it having required genes for its function switched on and others which are not required for its function switched off.
or
Cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that type of cell. This allows a cell to carry out specialised functions.

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7
Q

What do differentiated cells only have a few of and what does this mean for the cell?

A

Differentiated cells only have a few genes switched on and those that are not required for that specific cells function are switched off, meaning only the proteins that the cell requires to function are produced.

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8
Q

Where are adult tissue stem cells found?

A

Adult tissue stem cells are found in the tissue of adults and children, including the brain skin and bone marrow.

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9
Q

Are adult tissue stem cells capable of dividing into a wide range of differentiated cells?

A

No they are only capable of dividing into a LIMITED range of differentiated cells.

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10
Q

Can adult tissue stem cells be used successfully in bone marrow transplants?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

In the inner cell mass of early embryos around 4-5 days.

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12
Q

Are embryonic stem cells capable of dividing into a wide range of differentiated cells?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What is the meaning of multipotent?

A

Cells that have the ability/are capable giving rise to a limited number of cell types/fates.

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14
Q

What is the meaning of pluripotent?

A

Cells that have the ability/are capable of developing into ALL types of cells.

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15
Q

What is an example of a multipotent cell?

A

Adult tissue stem cells

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16
Q

What is an example of a pluripotent cell?

A

Embryonic stem cells

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17
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells capable of differentiating into any specialised cell type?

A

They are pluripotent.

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18
Q

Why do adult tissue need stem cells?

A

To maintain cell numbers, by repairing/replacing damaged cells within tissues or organs where they are found.

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19
Q

Where is the location of the tissue stem cells which develop into blood cells?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

What are germline cells?

A

A lineage of cells that divide to form/produce gametes?

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21
Q

Are germline cells diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

22
Q

How many pairs of chromosome do germline cells have?

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

23
Q

How do germline cells divide to produce more germline cells?

A

By mitosis

24
Q

What is the process of division called that germline cells undergo to produce haploid gametes?

A

Meiosis

25
Q

After mitosis are the daughter cells genetically different?

A

No the are identical

26
Q

After meiosis are the daughter cells genetically different?

A

Yes

27
Q

What is the main difference between Meiosis and Mitosis?

A

During Meiosis the daughter cells undergo 2 rounds of genetic separation and cellular division to produce 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells. Whereas during Mitosis the daughter cell only undergo 1 round of genetic separation and cellular division to produce 2 genetically identical diploid cells.

28
Q

What is the very centre of the chromosome called?

A

The centrome

29
Q

What is each of the 4 parts of the ‘ X ‘ shape of the chromosome called?

A

The chromatids

30
Q

What are examples of somatic cells?

A

All body cells of an organism – apart from the sperm and egg cells, like red blood cells, muscle cells and hair cells etc.

31
Q

What are examples of gametes?

A

Sperm and egg.

32
Q

How do somatic cells divide and why is this important?

A

Somatic cells divide by mitosis so the daughter cells obtain all of the genetic info they need to function and no genetic info is lost/to maintain the diploid chromosome number..

33
Q

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

23

34
Q

How many chromosomes do diploid cells have?

A

46

35
Q

How does a germline cell divide to produce more germline cells?

A

By Mitosis

36
Q

How does a germline cell divide to produce gamete cells?

A

By Meiosis

37
Q

describe how division by meiosis produces haploid gametes?

A

The nucleus of a germline stem cell can divide by
meiosis. It undergoes two divisions, firstly separating
homologous chromosomes and secondly separating
chromatids. Haploid gametes contain 23 single
chromosomes.

38
Q

Why can embryonic stem cells differentiate into any type of cell?

A

All the genes in embryonic stem cells can be switched

on so these cells can differentiate into any type of cell.

39
Q

Why are cells in the very early embryo pluripotent?

A

Cells in the very early embryo can differentiate

into all the cell types that make up the individual and so are pluripotent.

40
Q

Why are adult tissue stem cells multipotent?

A

Adult tissue stem cells are multipotent as they can
differentiate into all of the types of cell found in a
particular tissue type. For example, blood stem cells
located in bone marrow can give rise to red blood cells,
platelets, phagocytes and lymphocytes.

41
Q

What are adult tissue stem cells involved in and why is this?

A

Adult tissue stem cells are involved in the growth, repair and renewal of the cells found in that tissue. As They are multipotent.

42
Q

What do the therapeutic uses of stem cells include?

A

Therapeutic uses involve the repair of damaged or diseased organs or tissues. For example Bone marrow transplants and skin grafts.

43
Q

Describe 2 ways how stem cells are used therapeutically in bone marrow transplants?

A

Bone marrow transplants are most common in leukaemia and can be done in 2 ways.

1) A stem cell transplant - This involves using healthy stem cells from the blood or bone marrow of one person – ideally a close family member with the same or similar tissue type – and transferring them to another person. Which is called an allogeneic transplant. It’s also possible to remove stem cells from your own body and transplant them later, after any damaged or diseased cells have been removed. This is called an autologous transplant.
2) Cord Blood - This involves taking blood from the umbilical cord and placenta which is rich in stem cells and are donated form people after the birth of their new born baby. The blood after testing can then be transplanted into leukaemia sufferers etc.

44
Q

Describe 2 ways how stem cells are used therapeutically in skin grafts?

A

1) Using embryonic stem cells which are manipulated to differentiate into skin cells.
2) Taking sections of healthy skin from other places of the body and placing them on the required area.

45
Q

What can stem cell research be used for?

A
  • Providing info on how cell processes work.
  • Drug testing
  • Researching how diseases work
46
Q

What do stem cell researchers use to research the stem cells?

A

A stem cell line

47
Q

What is a stem cell line?

A

A collection of cells that are derived (come from) from a parent group of cells. They are grown in culture dishes; they constantly divide and are undifferentiated for many years.

48
Q

What is the cut off time by which embryos are either used or destroyed?

A

14 days

49
Q

Why are embryos that are passed 14 days old not used for research?

A

After 14 days, the nervous system starts to develop.

50
Q

Why are people against embryonic stem cell research and what is the opposing argument?

A

Against
People believe that it is wrong to create a human life simply for the purpose of scientific research.

For
The fact that embryonic stem cells have the potential to discover cures for diseases or which there are currently none.

51
Q

Describe how cancer can develop and spread through the body?

A

Cancer cells divide excessively because they do not respond to regulatory signals. This results in a mass of abnormal cells called a tumour. Cells within the tumour may fail to attach to each other, spreading through the
body where they may form secondary tumours or could say undergo metastasis.

52
Q

In a developing embryo, how are tissues such as muscle and nerve produced?

A

By stomatic cells dividing by mitosis

Higher Human Biology - Access to HE Nursing (25 decks)

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