Unit 1 - Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugars

Question 1

Pancreas

Answer 1

Located behind the stomach, connected to the small intestine by the pancreatic duct.
–>Parts of the pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine (exocrine gland), but some parts secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (endocrine gland).

Question 2

Islets of Langerhans

Answer 2

Clusters of cells that produce hormones.
—>Contains two types of cells: Beta Cells and Alpha Cells.

Question 3

Beta Cells

Answer 3

Produce insulin, decreases blood sugar level.

Question 4

Alpha Cells

Answer 4

Produce glucagon, increased blood sugar level.

Question 5

Insulin

Answer 5

Low blood sugar causes cells to take glucose into themselves, removing glucose from bloodstream.
–>Causes liver cells to take glucose, store ad glycogen.
–>Insulin caused body cells to take in glucose, used in cellular respiration.

Question 6

Glucagon

Answer 6

High blood sugar causes liver cells to break glycogen into glucose, release into blood stream.
–> After a meal, high blood sugar triggers release of insulin.
–>During fasting, low blood sugar triggers release of glucagon.

Question 7

Glucagon Level

Answer 7

Hyperglycemia: low insulin, high glucagon.
–>Diabetes Mellitus:
Type 1: Body unable to produce insulin, treated with insulin injection.
Type 2: Body doesn’t respond to insulin, treated with lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), medication.
SYMPTOMS: fatigue (glucose can’t move into cells because lack of insulin), large volumes of glucose-rich urine, thirst).

Hypoglycemia: high insulin, low glucagon.
–>Anxiety, shaking (hypoglycemia triggers stress response.

Question 8

Antagonistic Hormones

Answer 8

Hormones that have opposite effects from one another.
—> PTH and Calcitonin
—> Glucagon and Insulin