Unit 1: Fluids & Shock Flashcards
Define Edema
- excess interstitial fluid either localized or systemic
- may include excess fluid in body cavities (third spaces)
Transudates
Effects movements of water and sodium, little to no protein content. Causes edema since it accumulates outside of blood vessels.
What causes transudates?
Starling force or lymphatic failure
What is starling force?
Forces that act across the walls of capillaries due to differing osmotic pressures. More water is filtered out from arterioles than reaborbed into venule. Water filtered out via lymphatic vessels.
What does transudates cause?
- Heart failure
- Cirrhosis
- Renal failure
- Salt-indulgence
Where can transudative edema occur? (11)
- Excess total body water
- Salt/fluid overloading
- Excess aldosterone (hepatic failure)
- Kidney failure from any cause
- Systemic veins (all) - R heart failure
- Pulmonary veins - L heart failure
- Leg veins
- Portal vein - cirrhosis
- Cerebral capillaries (brain trauma)
- Systemic capillaries
- Lymphatic obstruction
Examples of exudates
- Protein-rich salt water (draws water into third space)
- Results from overly leaky capillaries
- Sepsis
- Burns
- Abnormal capillaries in tumors
Define hemorrhage
- loss of whole blood from blood vessels
Class 1 hemorrhage
Up to 750 mL
-minimal to none clinical signs
Class 2 hemorrhage
750-1500 mL
-tachycardia, tachypnea, anxiety
Class 3 hemorrhage
1500-2000 mL
- tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, AMS
- may progress to irreversible shock
Class 4 hemorrhage
2000 mL
- tachycardia, hypotension, cold, clammy, severe AMS
- may progress to irreversible shock
Define shock
widespread hypoperfusion of body tissues which leads to organ malfunction/failure
Hypovolemic shock
- decrease blood volume
- hemorrhage
- vomiting, diarrhea
- burns
- third space losses
Cardiogenic shock
- pump failure
- massive infarction
- rupture of ventricle or valve
- some rhythm disturbances
