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Pathophysiology > Unit 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Define plasma membrane

A
  • semipermeable structure that separates intracellular and extracellular, controls transport
  • dynamic and fluid due to cholesterol
  • only permeable to lipid-soluble substances
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2
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer comprised of?

A

-hydrophilic head (facing outward) and hydrophobic tail (facing inward)

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3
Q

What type of molecules can pass through plasma membrane?

A
  • small, uncharged substances,

- hydrophobic molecules to pass through by diffusion

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4
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A
  • control center of the cell, contains DNA

- contains mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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5
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

small particles of nucleoproteins, aid in synthesis of proteins

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6
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER: protein synthesis

Smooth ER: synthesis of lipid and steroid hormone molecules

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7
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

modifies substances from ER, packages them into vesicles

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8
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

contains enzymes breaking down cell parts

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9
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

contains enzymes used in oxidative rxn

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10
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

proteolysis of malformed or misfolded proteins

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11
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Contains enzymes needed for capturing most of energy in foodstuffs to convert to cellular energy
-inner membrane folded to provide greater surface area for ATP generation

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12
Q

ECF vs ICF

A

ECF: Na+
ICF: K+
Substances found in high concentration in ECF are found in low concentration in ICF and vice versa
-osmolarity is in balance due to free flowing water. Gradients are caused by energy-consuming transport mechanisms such as Na+/K+ pump

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13
Q

What is the cytoskeleton comprised of?

A

Microtubules: structural but also forms ciliar, flagella and centrioles
Actin microfilaments: structures for cell movement and organelle positioning
Intermediate filaments for maintaining the shape cells and participation numerous cellular processes

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14
Q

What is a G-protein linked receptor?

A
  • bond to guanine nucleotides
  • membrane receptors
  • convert extracellular signal to internal response
  • most common signal transduction pathway
  • first messenger (an enzyme, peptide, hormones)
  • activation of g-protein leads to increase in an intracellular second messenger that then leads to cell response
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15
Q

Enzyme-linked receptors

A

converts extracellular signal to internal response. Utilized by many growth factors.

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16
Q

Ion-channel-linked receptors

A

receptor acts as gated channel for ion flow

-involved in neuron conduction and muscle contraction

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17
Q

What type of molecule passes freely through membrane?

A

lipid-soluble

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18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

-movement of molecules across membranes from high to low concentration

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19
Q

Examples of lipid soluble molecules

A

steroids, thyroid hormones, gases, alcohol

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20
Q

How can you accelerate diffusion?

A

heat and large gradients

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21
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water toward higher solute concentration.

-solutes create osmotic forces that attracts water

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22
Q

What are the main determinants of osmosis?

A

Na+, glucose, urea and proteins

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23
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Does not cause osmotic flow of H2O

24
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

less solutes causes flow into cell

25
Q

What is hypertronic?

A

more solutes causes flow out of cell

26
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins.

Molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein –> changes shape –> molecule passes through

Highly specific receptors

Saturable

27
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A
  • Transports ions and organic substrates via facilitated diffusion or active transport
  • saturable: theres a finite number of transporters
  • regulated: cofactors such as hormone can regulate transport
28
Q

What is active transport?

A

requires energy to move substrates against a gradient (electrical, chemical, electrochemical)

29
Q

What is primary transport?

A

energy used to move substrate against gradient

  • Na/K pump
  • 3 Na from intracellular to extracellular, 2 K from extracellular to intracellular to create gradient
30
Q

What is secondary transport?

A

Does not directly require ATP but requires a gradient to move substrates.

31
Q

What does Na+ cotransport?

A

Glucose

32
Q

What does Ca2+ cotransport?

A

Na+

33
Q

Process of vesicular transport

A

Cell membrane extends around material and internalizes it –> forms vesicle (endocytosis/phagocytosis)

  • can fuse with lysosome which can then breakdown
  • vesicles may fuse with cell membrane and externalize material (exocytosis)
34
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

converts nonusable energy in organic compounds to usable energy

  • organic molecules are oxidized to harvest electrons
  • electrons carry energy utilized to phosphorylate ADP
35
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic, occurs in cytoplasm

  • results in 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (net 2 ATP)
  • pyruvate enters matrix if oxygen present, if not, converted to lactic acid
36
Q

Citric acid cycle/Kreb’s cycle

A

Occurs in mitochondrial matrix

  • oxidizes pyruvate further
  • results in 4NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 PER pyruvate
  • CO2 is exhaled
37
Q

Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Aerobic, occurs on inner mitochondrial membrane

  • NADH/FADH2 pass electrons to series of carriers
  • passage generates proton gradient between membranes
  • flow of protons into matrix drives ADP phosphorylation
  • generates 32 ATP
  • O2 is the final electron acceptor to form water
38
Q

How many net ATPs are generated from 1 glucose molecule?

A

36 ATP

39
Q

What are membrane potentials?

A

The electron gradient produced across a cell membrane due to Na+/K+. Causes action potential that can then contract, cause nerve impulses.

40
Q

What causes membrane depolarization?

A

Opening of Na+ channels

41
Q

What causes membrane repolarization?

A

Opening of K+ channels

42
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium Location

A

Located along the lining of ventral body cavities, heart and blood vessels, portions of kidney tubules, thin sections of nephron loops, inner lining of cornea; alveoli of lungs

43
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium Function

A

reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, performs absorption and secretion

44
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Location

A

glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland

45
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Function

A

Limited protection, secretion, absorption

46
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium Location

A

lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidneys

47
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium Function

A

protection, secretion, absorption

48
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Location

A

Lining of nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi; portions of male reproductive tract

49
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Function

A

Protection, secretion

50
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location

A
  • places subjected to trauma, where hard objects pass through
  • surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina
51
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function

A

Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack

52
Q

Transitional Epithelium Location

A

Only in urinary system

53
Q

Transitional Epithelium Function

A

Permits expansion and recoil after stretching

54
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Long cells, cylindrical, striated and multinucleated.

  • generally moves skeleton but can also move eye
  • guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs
  • stimulated by autonomic neurons, hormones, or others
55
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

short cells, spindle-shaped, mononucleated

  • located in walls of hollow organs, vessels
  • controls involuntary movement (moves blood, urine, etc)
  • stimulated by autonomic neurons, hormones
56
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

short, branched and striated, single nucleus

  • connected by intercalated discs
  • stimulated by conduction system

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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