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psych 1/2 > unit 1 exam revision COPY > Flashcards

unit 1 exam revision COPY Flashcards

science skills

1
Q

Beneficence

A

In relation to ethics in research, the researcher’s responsibility to maximise potential benefits of the research and minimise the potential risks of harm or discomfort to all research participants

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2
Q

Case study

A

A detailed in-depth account of some behaviour or phenomenon of interest in a particular individual or group (such as a family or a company) or situation.

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3
Q

Conclusion

A

A statement describing whether or not the hypothesis was supported by the research data; usually based upon inferential statistics.

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4
Q

Confidentiality

A

In relation to ethics in research, the principle, based on a person’s right to privacy, that any information gathered about a participant during research must not be revealed without that person’s consent.

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5
Q

Confounding variables

A

A sub-group of extraneous variables whose influence are uncontrolled and vary systematically with the independent variable, thereby clouding the ability to determine the true relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. These variables can be seen as actually having some unintended influence on the dependent variable.

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6
Q

Constant

A

Something that does not change/vary from one experimental condition to another.

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7
Q

Control group (CG)

A

A sub-group of the sample of participants in an experiment which is not exposed to the independent variable, thereby acting as a basis for comparison with the experimental group to assess/determine the effects of the IV on the DV.

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8
Q

Controlled variables

A

Extraneous variables whose influence has been eliminated or reduced from the research due to control procedures introduced by the researcher, sampling methods or statistical methods.

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9
Q

Convenience sampling

A

A procedure for selecting members of a population who are easily obtainable to participate in a research study; such a sample may not be representative of the population due to various forms of bias.

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10
Q

Correlational study

A

A research study that examines the strength of any co-relation (relationship) between two factors of interest or sets of observations.

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11
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

The principle that participants in a study are free to pull out of a research study at any time (due to distress etc.) and not be forced or feel pressured to continue if they do not so desire, regardless of any possible effects on the results.

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12
Q

Voluntary participation

A

The principle that participants in a study willingly take part of their own accord. They must not be forced or feel pressured to participate and must feel free to refuse to engage in a study or to withdraw from the study at any time.

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13
Q

Subjective Data

A

Information based on self-reports given by participants themselves.

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14
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Where the target population is divided into particular strata (sub-groups) and then members of the sub-groups are selected in the proportion in which they occur in the target population.

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15
Q

Standard deviation

A

A measure of the variability of scores in a distribution indicating the average difference between the scores and their mean. A bell graph

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16
Q

Random sampling

A

A procedure for selecting a sample from the population whereby every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen to be a participant in the research study.

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17
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data that consists of written statements or verbal responses using words, usually gathered via interviews or observations.

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18
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data that consists of numbers or mathematical expressions, gathered via rating scales, measurements or frequency counts.

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19
Q

Population

A

The larger group of interest to the researcher from which a sample is drawn for a research study.

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20
Q

Confidentiality

A

In relation to ethics in research, the principle, based on a person’s right to privacy, that any information gathered about a participant during research must not be revealed without that person’s consent.

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21
Q

Objective data

A

Data that has been gathered using systematic observation which is not influenced by any personal bias.

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22
Q

Manipulation

A

In an experiment, the independent variable is changed (manipulated) and the dependent variable is then measured to provide evidence of any change.

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23
Q

Dependent variable

A

A variable involving the observed or measured response of the participants which provides evidence to show any effects of the experimental manipulation of the independent variable. Whether or not it will change and the way it will change depends on the effects of the IV. In terms of a cause-effect relationship, changes in the DV are the effect.

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24
Q

Double blind procedure

A

An experiment in which neither the experimenters nor the participants are aware of the experimental or control groups to which the participants have been assigned.

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25
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variables or factor other than the independent variable outside the experimenter’s control which have the potential to affect the dependent variable and therefore influence the results of an experiment in an unwanted way (includes confounding variables).

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26
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative, testable prediction of the results of the research, stated in terms of the expected relationship between two or more elements being studied (known as variables), deduced or reasoned logically from theory.

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27
Q

Informed consent

A

In relation to ethics in research, the principle that participants in a study should be given sufficient information (in clear, understandable language) about what is involved in the study or procedure in order to make their decision to participate as a research subject an informed and voluntary one. Agreement is usually given in writing.

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28
Q

Integrity

A

In relation to ethics in research, a commitment by the researcher to the search for knowledge, to recognised principles for conducting research and in the honest and ethical conduct of research (including reporting).

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29
Q

Justice

A

In relation to ethics in research, ensuring a fair distribution of benefits and burdens within the population of interest, as well as for any individual research participant.

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30
Q

Brain Vs Heart Debate

A

A historical debate as to whether the heart of the brain is responsible for mental processes such as thought, emotion and behaviour

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31
Q

Why is Heart Vs Brain Debate important?

A

In modern science, we understand that the brain is responsible for mental processes. However, this debate contributed to these findings

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32
Q

The mind-body problem

A

The philosophical question as to whether our mind is separate and distinguishable from our body or whether they are one integrated unit.

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33
Q

Dualism beliefs

A

The mind and body are separate because they are distinguishable by their functions.
The mind is non physical whereas body is physical.

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34
Q

Monism beliefs

A

Although thoughts are intangible that does not mean that they are not the product of physical processes.
Brain scan technology shows that certain physiological processes occur when process of the mind are used

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35
Q

Phrenology

A

The study of the shape and size of the brain to determine personality and mental functioning

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36
Q

Why is phrenology important?

A

Although it was classified as a psuedoscience in the 1900s, it introduced the idea that certain areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions.

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37
Q

Ablation

A

The surgical removal, destruction or cutting of a region of brain tissue

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38
Q

Brain lesioning

A

The practice of inducing and/or studying the effects of damage to an area of the brain

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39
Q

Why was ablation and brain lesioning important?

A

These practices helped researchers discover how the brain responded to damage and the localisations of functions

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40
Q

Split brain research

A

Cutting the nervous tissue connecting the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

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41
Q

Why was split brain research important?

A

Provided evidence for hemisphere specialisation
Used as treatment in extreme cases of epilepsy

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42
Q

Neuroimaging

A

A modern technique that captures a picture of the brain.
The use of this technology allows for less invasive brain research

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43
Q

Structural Neuroimaging examples

A

Captures brain structure
E.g. Computerised tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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44
Q

Functional neuroimaging examples

A

Captures brain function
E.g. Positron emission tomography (PET), Functional MRI

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45
Q

The hindbrain

A

The hindbrain is a region at the base of the brain. It coordinates basic survival functions such as movement, breathing rate, heart rate, and digestion.

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46
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons

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47
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Monitors skeletal muscle movement, balance and posture, and controls procedural or sequential movements

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48
Q

Function of the medulla

A

Regulates autonomic processes (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion) and initiates reflexive actions (coughing, sneezing, vomiting)

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49
Q

Function of the pons

A

Relays information between the forebrain and the hindbrain
Regulates respiratory system, controls sleeping, dreaming and waking

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50
Q

The midbrain

A

The midbrain is a region at the center of the brain and is a part of the brain stem. It processes sensory information, coordinate motor movement relating to sensory stimuli, and regulates sleep

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51
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

Reticular Formation

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52
Q

Function of the reticular formation

A

Filters neural information that is travelling to the brain and directs these messages to various areas and structures of the brain

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53
Q

The forebrain

A

The forebrain is a large and prominent brain region, located at the top and front of the brain. It is responsible for sophisticated mental process, cognition, perception, learning, language and memory

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54
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A

Cerebrum, hypothalamus, thalamus

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55
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

The largest structure of the brain, has two hemispheres, connected corpus callosum.
Contains cerebral cortex which is responsible for many functions.

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56
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates internal processes (hormone levels, hunger, thirst, body temp, blood pressure) as well as functions relating to emotional and motivated behaviours (sex, feeding)

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57
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

Relay center for sensory information (excluding olfactory senses)

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58
Q

Define contralateral

A

In terms of the brain, contralateral means that the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.

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59
Q

Define cerebral cortex

A

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum

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60
Q

The 4 distinct lobes of the cerebral cortex are…

A

The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe

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61
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A

Volition, judgement, abstract thinking, problem solving, memory, self awareness, emotional behaviour, personality, voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

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62
Q

Associated regions of the frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex, Broca’s Area

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63
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements

64
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Controls language expression and the muscles required for speech

65
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe

A

Receives and processes bodily sensory information.
Modulates attention and spatial perception.
Damage may result in spatial neglect

66
Q

Associated areas of the parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

67
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Responsible for registering and processing sensory info from skin, organs, etc. to form perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and muscle movement

68
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe

A

Interprets auditory information, comprehension of language, formation of memory, recognition of faces, emotional control

69
Q

Associated areas of the temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area

70
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Receives and process auditory information

71
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Wernicke’s area is responsible for the comprehension of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken language

72
Q

Functions of the occipital lobe

A

Processes and interprets sight

73
Q

Associated areas of the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex

74
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

The primary visual cortex has an important role in receiving and processing visual information

75
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Neuroplasticity is the capacity of the brain to change in structure or function in responses to experiences and brain trauma.

76
Q

The types of neuroplasticity

A

Developmental plasticity and Adaptive plasticity

77
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

Occurs as the brain development proceeds according to its’ maturational plan

78
Q

Examples of developmental plasticity

A

Proliferation, neural migration, myelination, synaptogenesis. synapsis pruning

79
Q

Adaptive plasticity

A

Apparent in recovery from trauma due to brain injury

80
Q

Examples of adaptive plasticity

A

Sprouting, rerouting

81
Q

Traumatic brain injury

A

Caused by external factors or forces

82
Q

Non traumatic brain injury

A

Caused by internal factors

83
Q

How does an aquired brain injury affect functioning?

A

Biological, Psychological, Social

84
Q

Acquired brain injury

A

Any type of brain damage that occurs after birth

85
Q

How does an acquired brain injury affect biological functioning?

A

Behaviour, organ function, cellular and nueronal function

86
Q

How does an acquired brain injury affect psychological functioning?

A

Cognition, behaviour, emotion

87
Q

How does an acquired brain injury affect social functioning?

A

Relationships, interpersonal skills, interactions with environment

88
Q

Machine learning

A

An element of artificial intelligence that allows software to become more accurate at predicting outcomes by mimicking the way that humans learn

89
Q

Gut - brain axis

A

Gut-brain axis is the bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through multiple parts of the nervous system

90
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

CTE is a fatal neurodegenerative disease associated with repeated brain injuries

91
Q

Symptoms of CTE

A

Memory loss, depression, anxiety and paranoia, mood impairments, difficulties in executive functioning, attention and concentration, and disturbances in behaviour

92
Q

CTE diagnosis

A

CTE can only be diagnosed post-mortem through brain tissue analysis. Brain tissue slices are stained to make visible the widespread build-up of p-tau; which forms neurofibrillary tangles.

93
Q

Divisions of the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System

94
Q

Describe the Central Nervous System

A

Processes, interprets and stores information, issues orders to muscles and organs
Contains the brain and the spinal cord

95
Q

Describe the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Transmits information to and from the CNS
Contains the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

96
Q

Describe the Somatic Nervous System

A

Contains the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system
Sensory nervous system brings information to the CNS
Motor nervous system carries messages from the CNS

97
Q

Describe the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Contains the Sympathetic Nervous System (Mobilises body for action), the Parasympathetic Nervous System (Conserves energy), and the Enteric Nervous System (Gastrointestinal functioning)

98
Q

Anatomy of a neuron

A

Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Myelin sheath, Axon terminals, Synapses, Neurotransmitters

99
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches of the cell with receptors that receive information form other neurons

100
Q

Cell body

A

Contains a nucleus and a mitochondria with control the growth and repair of the cell

101
Q

Axon

A

Electric impulse travels along the axon

102
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A layer of fatty tissue with protects and insulates the axon, increasing the speed of neural impulses

103
Q

Axon terminal

A

At the end of the axon
Forms connections other cells

104
Q

Synapses

A

Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron

105
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons

106
Q

Left hemisphere functions

A

Analytical functions
E.g. logical reasoning, governed by rules, critical, practical, linear processing, detail oriented

107
Q

Right hemisphere functions

A

Non-verbal functioning
E.g. emotional, imaginative, creative, holistic, simultaneous processing

108
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A progressive disease of the nervous system characterised by both motor and non-motor symptoms (tremors, fatigue, muscle stiffness, depression, reduced motor control)

109
Q

Epilepsy

A

A neurological disorder that is associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain and is categorized by recurrent seizures

110
Q

Attachment

A

Attachment is an emotional bond to another person that involves an exchange of comfort, care and pleasure

111
Q

Monotropy

A

Monotropy is a theory developed by psychiatrist John Bowlby where infants develop only one special attachment to it’s mother

112
Q

Types of attachment

A

Secure, Anxious/Resistant, Avoidant, Disorganised

113
Q

The ‘Strange Situation’ Experiment

A

An experiment devised by Mary Ainsworth involving infants, the mother and a stranger to investigate the different attachment styles

114
Q

Harry Harlow’s Experiments

A

Harlow conducted experiments involving rhesus monkeys to investigate mother-infant relationships and the development of attachment

115
Q

Cognitive development

A

Cognitive development is changes that the occur throughout the lifespan in relation to how and when we develop and use mental abilities

116
Q

Adaptation

A

Adaptation is the continuous process of taking in, processing, organising, and using new info to enable us to adjust to changes that occur in our environment

117
Q

Schema

A

Schema is a mental idea/representation of what something is and how to deal with it

118
Q

Types of schema

A

Person schema, social schema, self schema, event schema

119
Q

Assimilation

A

Assimilation is the process whereby new “things” are incorporated into the child’s schema

120
Q

Accommodation

A

Accomodation is the process by which a child changes existing schemata to fit new info

121
Q

Equilibrium

A

Equilibrium is the balance between accommodation and assimilation

122
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years)
Pre-operational Stage (2 - 7 years)
Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 12 years)
Formal Operational Stage (12 + years)

123
Q

Features of the sensorimotor stage

A

Object Permanence
Goal - directed behaviour

124
Q

Features of the pre-operational stage

A

Egocentrism
Animism
Transformation
Centration
Reversibility

125
Q

Features of the concrete operational stage

A

Conservation
Classification

126
Q

Features of the formal operational stage

A

Abstract thinking
Idealistic thinking
Logical thinking

127
Q

Psychological crisis

A

A psychological crisis is a turning point in life involving a personal conflict that an individual faces in adjusting to society
Each crisis involves a struggle between two opposing tendencies

128
Q

Psychological crisis in infancy (Birth - 18 months)

A

Trust Vs Mistrust

129
Q

Psychological crisis in early childhood (18 months - 3 years)

A

Autonomy Vs Shame/Doubt

130
Q

Psychological crisis in preschool (3 - 6 years)

A

Initiative Vs Guilt

131
Q

Psychological crisis in school age (6 - 12 year)

A

Industry Vs Inferiority

132
Q

Psychological crisis in adolescence (12 - 18 years)

A

Identity Vs Role Confusion

133
Q

Psychological crisis in young adulthood (19 - 40 years)

A

Intimacy Vs Isolation

134
Q

Psychological crisis in middle adulthood (40 - 65 years)

A

Generativity Vs Stagnation

135
Q

Psychological crisis in maturity (65 years - death)

A

Ego Vs Integrity

136
Q

Normality

A

Normality is considered to be what is acceptable or what can be expected to happen in most circumstances

137
Q

Abnormal

A

Abnormality is when…
- Something is statistically unusual
- Not socially approved
- Causes distress to the person or others
- Interferes with ability to function

138
Q

Typical

A

Behaviour that is exhibited by majority of people

139
Q

Atypical

A

Behaviour that is exhibited by minority of people or is different from usual

140
Q

Adaptive

A

Behaviour that enables individuals to adjust to another situation

141
Q

Maladaptive

A

Behaviour that is often used to reduce anxiety, but are dysfunctional and do not address the problem

142
Q

Models of normality

A

Historical model, socio-cultural model, situational model, functional model, statistical model, medical model, behavioural model, biopsychosocial model, cognitive model

143
Q

Mental health problem

A

Everyone may experience mental health problems
When the mind doesn’t function as well as it should

144
Q

Mental health disorder

A

A diagnosable condition
Affects day to day activities and relationships

145
Q

Factors which cause mental illness

A

Biological factors, chemical changes, life experience, psychological factors, social circumstances

146
Q

Mental illness diagnosis

A

Can be diagnosed by psychiatrists, psychologists or social workers
Symptoms must meet diagnosis criteria listed in the DSM-5 or the ICD-11

147
Q

Addiction disorders

A

When an individual exhibits a physical and mental state of dependence on a substance or stimulus, to the point where withdrawal symptoms occur
E.g. alcoholism, substance use disorder

148
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

When an individual experiences a level of anxiety that is disproportionate to the situation.
E.g. Generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, OCD, PTS

149
Q

Mood disorders

A

Disorders characterised by extreme disturbances in the emotional state
E.g. Depression, bipolar disorder

150
Q

Personality disorders

A

Disorders characterised by enduring maladaptive maladaptive patterns of behaviour, cognition and inner experience.
E.g. Narcissist personality disorder, Borderline personality, Paranoid personality

151
Q

Psychotic disorders

A

E.g. schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder

152
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Disorder characterised by disorganised and delusional thinkinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions, language and actions

153
Q

Positive symptoms (of Schizophrenia)

A

Positive symptoms involve the presence of altered behaviours
E.g. hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech, disorganised behaviours

154
Q

Negative symptoms (of Schizophrenia)

A

Negative symptoms involve the absence or reduction of normal behaviour
E.g. affective flattening, anhedonia, apathy

155
Q

The “Two hit” Hypothesis

A

Concerns the cause of schizophrenia
Predisposing risk factors, precipitating factors

psych 1/2 (5 decks)

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