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psych 1/2 > unit 1 exam revision COPY > Flashcards

unit 1 exam revision COPY Flashcards

science skills (155 cards)

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1
Q

Beneficence

A

In relation to ethics in research, the researcher’s responsibility to maximise potential benefits of the research and minimise the potential risks of harm or discomfort to all research participants

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2
Q

Case study

A

A detailed in-depth account of some behaviour or phenomenon of interest in a particular individual or group (such as a family or a company) or situation.

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3
Q

Conclusion

A

A statement describing whether or not the hypothesis was supported by the research data; usually based upon inferential statistics.

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4
Q

Confidentiality

A

In relation to ethics in research, the principle, based on a person’s right to privacy, that any information gathered about a participant during research must not be revealed without that person’s consent.

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5
Q

Confounding variables

A

A sub-group of extraneous variables whose influence are uncontrolled and vary systematically with the independent variable, thereby clouding the ability to determine the true relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. These variables can be seen as actually having some unintended influence on the dependent variable.

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6
Q

Constant

A

Something that does not change/vary from one experimental condition to another.

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7
Q

Control group (CG)

A

A sub-group of the sample of participants in an experiment which is not exposed to the independent variable, thereby acting as a basis for comparison with the experimental group to assess/determine the effects of the IV on the DV.

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8
Q

Controlled variables

A

Extraneous variables whose influence has been eliminated or reduced from the research due to control procedures introduced by the researcher, sampling methods or statistical methods.

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9
Q

Convenience sampling

A

A procedure for selecting members of a population who are easily obtainable to participate in a research study; such a sample may not be representative of the population due to various forms of bias.

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10
Q

Correlational study

A

A research study that examines the strength of any co-relation (relationship) between two factors of interest or sets of observations.

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11
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

The principle that participants in a study are free to pull out of a research study at any time (due to distress etc.) and not be forced or feel pressured to continue if they do not so desire, regardless of any possible effects on the results.

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12
Q

Voluntary participation

A

The principle that participants in a study willingly take part of their own accord. They must not be forced or feel pressured to participate and must feel free to refuse to engage in a study or to withdraw from the study at any time.

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13
Q

Subjective Data

A

Information based on self-reports given by participants themselves.

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14
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Where the target population is divided into particular strata (sub-groups) and then members of the sub-groups are selected in the proportion in which they occur in the target population.

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15
Q

Standard deviation

A

A measure of the variability of scores in a distribution indicating the average difference between the scores and their mean. A bell graph

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16
Q

Random sampling

A

A procedure for selecting a sample from the population whereby every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen to be a participant in the research study.

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17
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data that consists of written statements or verbal responses using words, usually gathered via interviews or observations.

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18
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data that consists of numbers or mathematical expressions, gathered via rating scales, measurements or frequency counts.

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19
Q

Population

A

The larger group of interest to the researcher from which a sample is drawn for a research study.

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20
Q

Confidentiality

A

In relation to ethics in research, the principle, based on a person’s right to privacy, that any information gathered about a participant during research must not be revealed without that person’s consent.

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21
Q

Objective data

A

Data that has been gathered using systematic observation which is not influenced by any personal bias.

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22
Q

Manipulation

A

In an experiment, the independent variable is changed (manipulated) and the dependent variable is then measured to provide evidence of any change.

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23
Q

Dependent variable

A

A variable involving the observed or measured response of the participants which provides evidence to show any effects of the experimental manipulation of the independent variable. Whether or not it will change and the way it will change depends on the effects of the IV. In terms of a cause-effect relationship, changes in the DV are the effect.

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24
Q

Double blind procedure

A

An experiment in which neither the experimenters nor the participants are aware of the experimental or control groups to which the participants have been assigned.

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25
Extraneous variables
Any variables or factor other than the independent variable outside the experimenter’s control which have the potential to affect the dependent variable and therefore influence the results of an experiment in an unwanted way (includes confounding variables).
26
Hypothesis
Tentative, testable prediction of the results of the research, stated in terms of the expected relationship between two or more elements being studied (known as variables), deduced or reasoned logically from theory.
27
Informed consent
In relation to ethics in research, the principle that participants in a study should be given sufficient information (in clear, understandable language) about what is involved in the study or procedure in order to make their decision to participate as a research subject an informed and voluntary one. Agreement is usually given in writing.
28
Integrity
In relation to ethics in research, a commitment by the researcher to the search for knowledge, to recognised principles for conducting research and in the honest and ethical conduct of research (including reporting).
29
Justice
In relation to ethics in research, ensuring a fair distribution of benefits and burdens within the population of interest, as well as for any individual research participant.
30
Brain Vs Heart Debate
A historical debate as to whether the heart of the brain is responsible for mental processes such as thought, emotion and behaviour
31
Why is Heart Vs Brain Debate important?
In modern science, we understand that the brain is responsible for mental processes. However, this debate contributed to these findings
32
The mind-body problem
The philosophical question as to whether our mind is separate and distinguishable from our body or whether they are one integrated unit.
33
Dualism beliefs
The mind and body are separate because they are distinguishable by their functions. The mind is non physical whereas body is physical.
34
Monism beliefs
Although thoughts are intangible that does not mean that they are not the product of physical processes. Brain scan technology shows that certain physiological processes occur when process of the mind are used
35
Phrenology
The study of the shape and size of the brain to determine personality and mental functioning
36
Why is phrenology important?
Although it was classified as a psuedoscience in the 1900s, it introduced the idea that certain areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions.
37
Ablation
The surgical removal, destruction or cutting of a region of brain tissue
38
Brain lesioning
The practice of inducing and/or studying the effects of damage to an area of the brain
39
Why was ablation and brain lesioning important?
These practices helped researchers discover how the brain responded to damage and the localisations of functions
40
Split brain research
Cutting the nervous tissue connecting the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)
41
Why was split brain research important?
Provided evidence for hemisphere specialisation Used as treatment in extreme cases of epilepsy
42
Neuroimaging
A modern technique that captures a picture of the brain. The use of this technology allows for less invasive brain research
43
Structural Neuroimaging examples
Captures brain structure E.g. Computerised tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
44
Functional neuroimaging examples
Captures brain function E.g. Positron emission tomography (PET), Functional MRI
45
The hindbrain
The hindbrain is a region at the base of the brain. It coordinates basic survival functions such as movement, breathing rate, heart rate, and digestion.
46
Parts of the hindbrain
Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons
47
Function of the cerebellum
Monitors skeletal muscle movement, balance and posture, and controls procedural or sequential movements
48
Function of the medulla
Regulates autonomic processes (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion) and initiates reflexive actions (coughing, sneezing, vomiting)
49
Function of the pons
Relays information between the forebrain and the hindbrain Regulates respiratory system, controls sleeping, dreaming and waking
50
The midbrain
The midbrain is a region at the center of the brain and is a part of the brain stem. It processes sensory information, coordinate motor movement relating to sensory stimuli, and regulates sleep
51
Parts of the midbrain
Reticular Formation
52
Function of the reticular formation
Filters neural information that is travelling to the brain and directs these messages to various areas and structures of the brain
53
The forebrain
The forebrain is a large and prominent brain region, located at the top and front of the brain. It is responsible for sophisticated mental process, cognition, perception, learning, language and memory
54
Parts of the forebrain
Cerebrum, hypothalamus, thalamus
55
Function of the cerebrum
The largest structure of the brain, has two hemispheres, connected corpus callosum. Contains cerebral cortex which is responsible for many functions.
56
Function of the hypothalamus
Regulates internal processes (hormone levels, hunger, thirst, body temp, blood pressure) as well as functions relating to emotional and motivated behaviours (sex, feeding)
57
Function of the thalamus
Relay center for sensory information (excluding olfactory senses)
58
Define contralateral
In terms of the brain, contralateral means that the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.
59
Define cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum
60
The 4 distinct lobes of the cerebral cortex are...
The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe
61
Functions of the frontal lobe
Volition, judgement, abstract thinking, problem solving, memory, self awareness, emotional behaviour, personality, voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
62
Associated regions of the frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex, Broca's Area
63
Primary Motor Cortex
Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements
64
Broca's Area
Controls language expression and the muscles required for speech
65
Functions of the parietal lobe
Receives and processes bodily sensory information. Modulates attention and spatial perception. Damage may result in spatial neglect
66
Associated areas of the parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex
67
Primary somatosensory cortex
Responsible for registering and processing sensory info from skin, organs, etc. to form perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and muscle movement
68
Functions of the temporal lobe
Interprets auditory information, comprehension of language, formation of memory, recognition of faces, emotional control
69
Associated areas of the temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area
70
Primary Auditory Cortex
Receives and process auditory information
71
Wernicke's Area
Wernicke’s area is responsible for the comprehension of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken language
72
Functions of the occipital lobe
Processes and interprets sight
73
Associated areas of the occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex
74
Primary visual cortex
The primary visual cortex has an important role in receiving and processing visual information
75
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity is the capacity of the brain to change in structure or function in responses to experiences and brain trauma.
76
The types of neuroplasticity
Developmental plasticity and Adaptive plasticity
77
Developmental plasticity
Occurs as the brain development proceeds according to its' maturational plan
78
Examples of developmental plasticity
Proliferation, neural migration, myelination, synaptogenesis. synapsis pruning
79
Adaptive plasticity
Apparent in recovery from trauma due to brain injury
80
Examples of adaptive plasticity
Sprouting, rerouting
81
Traumatic brain injury
Caused by external factors or forces
82
Non traumatic brain injury
Caused by internal factors
83
How does an aquired brain injury affect functioning?
Biological, Psychological, Social
84
Acquired brain injury
Any type of brain damage that occurs after birth
85
How does an acquired brain injury affect biological functioning?
Behaviour, organ function, cellular and nueronal function
86
How does an acquired brain injury affect psychological functioning?
Cognition, behaviour, emotion
87
How does an acquired brain injury affect social functioning?
Relationships, interpersonal skills, interactions with environment
88
Machine learning
An element of artificial intelligence that allows software to become more accurate at predicting outcomes by mimicking the way that humans learn
89
Gut - brain axis
Gut-brain axis is the bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through multiple parts of the nervous system
90
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
CTE is a fatal neurodegenerative disease associated with repeated brain injuries
91
Symptoms of CTE
Memory loss, depression, anxiety and paranoia, mood impairments, difficulties in executive functioning, attention and concentration, and disturbances in behaviour
92
CTE diagnosis
CTE can only be diagnosed post-mortem through brain tissue analysis. Brain tissue slices are stained to make visible the widespread build-up of p-tau; which forms neurofibrillary tangles.
93
Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System
94
Describe the Central Nervous System
Processes, interprets and stores information, issues orders to muscles and organs Contains the brain and the spinal cord
95
Describe the Peripheral Nervous System
Transmits information to and from the CNS Contains the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
96
Describe the Somatic Nervous System
Contains the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system Sensory nervous system brings information to the CNS Motor nervous system carries messages from the CNS
97
Describe the Autonomic Nervous System
Contains the Sympathetic Nervous System (Mobilises body for action), the Parasympathetic Nervous System (Conserves energy), and the Enteric Nervous System (Gastrointestinal functioning)
98
Anatomy of a neuron
Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Myelin sheath, Axon terminals, Synapses, Neurotransmitters
99
Dendrites
Branches of the cell with receptors that receive information form other neurons
100
Cell body
Contains a nucleus and a mitochondria with control the growth and repair of the cell
101
Axon
Electric impulse travels along the axon
102
Myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue with protects and insulates the axon, increasing the speed of neural impulses
103
Axon terminal
At the end of the axon Forms connections other cells
104
Synapses
Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron
105
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
106
Left hemisphere functions
Analytical functions E.g. logical reasoning, governed by rules, critical, practical, linear processing, detail oriented
107
Right hemisphere functions
Non-verbal functioning E.g. emotional, imaginative, creative, holistic, simultaneous processing
108
Parkinson's disease
A progressive disease of the nervous system characterised by both motor and non-motor symptoms (tremors, fatigue, muscle stiffness, depression, reduced motor control)
109
Epilepsy
A neurological disorder that is associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain and is categorized by recurrent seizures
110
Attachment
Attachment is an emotional bond to another person that involves an exchange of comfort, care and pleasure
111
Monotropy
Monotropy is a theory developed by psychiatrist John Bowlby where infants develop only one special attachment to it's mother
112
Types of attachment
Secure, Anxious/Resistant, Avoidant, Disorganised
113
The 'Strange Situation' Experiment
An experiment devised by Mary Ainsworth involving infants, the mother and a stranger to investigate the different attachment styles
114
Harry Harlow's Experiments
Harlow conducted experiments involving rhesus monkeys to investigate mother-infant relationships and the development of attachment
115
Cognitive development
Cognitive development is changes that the occur throughout the lifespan in relation to how and when we develop and use mental abilities
116
Adaptation
Adaptation is the continuous process of taking in, processing, organising, and using new info to enable us to adjust to changes that occur in our environment
117
Schema
Schema is a mental idea/representation of what something is and how to deal with it
118
Types of schema
Person schema, social schema, self schema, event schema
119
Assimilation
Assimilation is the process whereby new "things" are incorporated into the child's schema
120
Accommodation
Accomodation is the process by which a child changes existing schemata to fit new info
121
Equilibrium
Equilibrium is the balance between accommodation and assimilation
122
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years) Pre-operational Stage (2 - 7 years) Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 12 years) Formal Operational Stage (12 + years)
123
Features of the sensorimotor stage
Object Permanence Goal - directed behaviour
124
Features of the pre-operational stage
Egocentrism Animism Transformation Centration Reversibility
125
Features of the concrete operational stage
Conservation Classification
126
Features of the formal operational stage
Abstract thinking Idealistic thinking Logical thinking
127
Psychological crisis
A psychological crisis is a turning point in life involving a personal conflict that an individual faces in adjusting to society Each crisis involves a struggle between two opposing tendencies
128
Psychological crisis in infancy (Birth - 18 months)
Trust Vs Mistrust
129
Psychological crisis in early childhood (18 months - 3 years)
Autonomy Vs Shame/Doubt
130
Psychological crisis in preschool (3 - 6 years)
Initiative Vs Guilt
131
Psychological crisis in school age (6 - 12 year)
Industry Vs Inferiority
132
Psychological crisis in adolescence (12 - 18 years)
Identity Vs Role Confusion
133
Psychological crisis in young adulthood (19 - 40 years)
Intimacy Vs Isolation
134
Psychological crisis in middle adulthood (40 - 65 years)
Generativity Vs Stagnation
135
Psychological crisis in maturity (65 years - death)
Ego Vs Integrity
136
Normality
Normality is considered to be what is acceptable or what can be expected to happen in most circumstances
137
Abnormal
Abnormality is when... - Something is statistically unusual - Not socially approved - Causes distress to the person or others - Interferes with ability to function
138
Typical
Behaviour that is exhibited by majority of people
139
Atypical
Behaviour that is exhibited by minority of people or is different from usual
140
Adaptive
Behaviour that enables individuals to adjust to another situation
141
Maladaptive
Behaviour that is often used to reduce anxiety, but are dysfunctional and do not address the problem
142
Models of normality
Historical model, socio-cultural model, situational model, functional model, statistical model, medical model, behavioural model, biopsychosocial model, cognitive model
143
Mental health problem
Everyone may experience mental health problems When the mind doesn't function as well as it should
144
Mental health disorder
A diagnosable condition Affects day to day activities and relationships
145
Factors which cause mental illness
Biological factors, chemical changes, life experience, psychological factors, social circumstances
146
Mental illness diagnosis
Can be diagnosed by psychiatrists, psychologists or social workers Symptoms must meet diagnosis criteria listed in the DSM-5 or the ICD-11
147
Addiction disorders
When an individual exhibits a physical and mental state of dependence on a substance or stimulus, to the point where withdrawal symptoms occur E.g. alcoholism, substance use disorder
148
Anxiety disorders
When an individual experiences a level of anxiety that is disproportionate to the situation. E.g. Generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, OCD, PTS
149
Mood disorders
Disorders characterised by extreme disturbances in the emotional state E.g. Depression, bipolar disorder
150
Personality disorders
Disorders characterised by enduring maladaptive maladaptive patterns of behaviour, cognition and inner experience. E.g. Narcissist personality disorder, Borderline personality, Paranoid personality
151
Psychotic disorders
E.g. schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder
152
Schizophrenia
Disorder characterised by disorganised and delusional thinkinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions, language and actions
153
Positive symptoms (of Schizophrenia)
Positive symptoms involve the presence of altered behaviours E.g. hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech, disorganised behaviours
154
Negative symptoms (of Schizophrenia)
Negative symptoms involve the absence or reduction of normal behaviour E.g. affective flattening, anhedonia, apathy
155
The "Two hit" Hypothesis
Concerns the cause of schizophrenia Predisposing risk factors, precipitating factors

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