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psych 1/2 > outcome 1 > Flashcards

outcome 1 Flashcards

- Research methods - Ethics - Different approaches over time in understanding the role of the brain - The role of the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain - The impact of acquired brain injury - Contemporary research

1
Q

Controlled experiment

A

A type of investigation in which the causal relationship between two variable is tested in a controlled environment

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2
Q

Case study

A

A type of investigation of an individual/ group/ phenomenon that contains a real/hypothetical situation.

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3
Q

Correlational study

A

A type of non experimental study in which researchers observe and measure between 2 or more variables without any active control

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4
Q

Classification and identification

A

Classification - the arrangement of “phenomena/ objects/ events” into manageable sets
Identification - the process of recognising which “” is in each set

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5
Q

Fieldwork

A

Any research involving observation and interaction with people and environments in real world settings

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6
Q

Literature review

A

The process of collating secondary data in order to answer a question or provide background info

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7
Q

Modelling

A

The construction of a physical/ conceptual model that represents a system

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8
Q

Simulation

A

A process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real/theoretical system

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9
Q

Within-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition

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10
Q

Between-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition

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11
Q

Mixed design 

A

An experimental design which combines elements of within-subjects and between-subjects designs

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12
Q

Extraneous variable

A

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

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13
Q

Confounding variable

A

a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable

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14
Q

Confidentiality

A

The privacy, protection and security of a participants personal information

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15
Q

Informed consent

A

Ensures participants understand the experiment and the risks before agreeing

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16
Q

Voluntary participation

A

Ensures no coersion is placed on participant to partake

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17
Q

Use of deception in research

A

The act of misleading participants ab/ the nature of the study

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18
Q

WIthdrawal rights

A

Participants have the right to discontinue their involvement at any time

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19
Q

Debriefing

A

Ensures the participant leaves with an understanding of the purpose, aim and results

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20
Q

Brain Vs Heart Debate

A

A historical debate as to whether the heart of the brain is responsible for mental processes such as thought, emotion and behaviour

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21
Q

Why is Heart Vs Brain Debate important?

A

In modern science, we understand that the brain is responsible for mental processes. However, this debate contributed to these findings

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22
Q

The mind-body problem

A

The philosophical question as to whether our mind is seperate and distinguishable from our body or whether they are one integrated unit.

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23
Q

Dualism beliefs

A

The mind and body are separate because they are distinguishable by their functions.
The mind is non physical whereas body is physical.

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24
Q

Monism beliefs

A

Although thoughts are intangible that does not mean that they are not the product of physical processes.
Brain scan technology shows that certain physiological processes occur when process of the mind are used

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25
Q

Phrenology

A

The study of the shape and size of the brain to determine personality and mental functioning

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26
Q

Why is phrenology important?

A

Although it was classified as a psuedoscience in the 1900s, it introduced the idea that certain areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions.

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27
Q

Ablation

A

The surgical removal, destruction or cutting of a region of brain tissue

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28
Q

Brain lesioning

A

The practice of inducing and/or studying the effects of damage to an area of the brain

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29
Q

Why was ablation and brain lesioning important?

A

These practices helped researchers discover how the brain responsded to damage and the localisations of functions

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30
Q

Split brain research

A

Cutting the nervous tissue connecting the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

31
Q

Why was split brain research important?

A

Provided evidence for hemisphere specialisation
Used as treatment in extreme cases of epilepsy

32
Q

Neuroimaging

A

A modern technique that captures a picture of the brain.
The use of this technology allows for less invasive brain research

33
Q

Structural Neuroimaging examples

A

Captures brain structure
E.g. Computerised tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

34
Q

Functional neuroimaging examples

A

Captures brain function
E.g. Positron emission tomography (PET), Functional MRI

35
Q

The hindbrain

A

The hindbrain is a region at the base of the brain. It coordinates basic survival functions such as movement, breathing rate, heart rate, and digestion.

36
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons

37
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Monitors skeletal muscle movement, balance and posture, and controls procedural or sequential movements

38
Q

Function of the medulla

A

Regulates autonomic processes (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion) and initiates reflexive actions (coughing, sneezing, vomiting)

39
Q

Function of the pons

A

Relays information between the forebrain and the hindbrain
Regulates respiratory system, controls sleeping, dreaming and waking

40
Q

The midbrain

A

The midbrain is a region at the center of the brain and is a part of the brain stem. It processes sensory information, coordinate motor movement relating to sensory stimuli, and regulates sleep

41
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

Reticular Formation

42
Q

Function of the reticular formation

A

Filters neural information that is travelling to the brain and directs these messages to various areas and structures of the brain

43
Q

The forebrain

A

The forebrain is a large and prominent brain region, located at the top and front of the brain. It is responsible for sophisticated mental process, cognition, perception, learning, language and memory

44
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A

Cerebrum, hypothalamus, thalamus

45
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

The largest structure of the brain, has two hemispheres, connected corpus callosum.
Contains cerebral cortex which is responsible for many functions.

46
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates internal processes (hormone levels, hunger, thirst, body temp, blood pressure) as well as functions relating to emotional and motivated behaviours (sex, feeding)

47
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

Relay center for sensory information (excluding olfactory senses)

48
Q

Define contralateral

A

In terms of the brain, contralateral means that the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.

49
Q

Define cerebral cortex

A

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum

50
Q

The 4 distinct lobes of the cerebral cortex are…

A

The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe

51
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A

Volition, judgement, abstract thinking, problem solving, memory, self awareness, emotional behaviour, personality, voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

52
Q

Associated regions of the frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex, Broca’s Area

53
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements

54
Q

Bronca’s Area

A

Controls language expression and the muscles required for speech

55
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe

A

Receives and processes bodily sensory information.
Modulates attention and spatial perception.
Damage may result in spatial neglect

56
Q

Associated areas of the parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

57
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Responsible for registering and processing sensory info from skin, organs, etc. to form perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and muscle movement

58
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe

A

Interprets auditory information, comprehension of language, formation of memory, recognition of faces, emotional control

59
Q

Associated areas of the temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area

60
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Receives and process auditory information

61
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Wernicke’s area is responsible for the comprehension
of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken
language

62
Q

Functions of the occipital lobe

A

Processes and interprets sight

63
Q

Associated areas of the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex

64
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

The primary visual cortex has an important role in receiving and processing visual information

65
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Neuroplasticity is the capacity of the brain to change in structure or function in responses to experiences and brain trauma.

66
Q

The types of neuroplasticity

A

Developmental plasticity and Adaptive plasticity

67
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

Occurs as the brain development proceeds according to irs maturational plan

68
Q

Examples of developmental plasticity

A

Proliferation, neural migration, myelination, synaptogenesis. synapsis pruning

69
Q

Adaptive plasticity

A

Apparent in recovery from trauma due to brain injury

70
Q

Examples of adaptive plasticity

A

Sprouting, rerouting

71
Q

Traumatic brain injury

A

Caused by external factors or forces

72
Q

Non traumatic brain injury

A

Caused by internal factors

73
Q

How does an aquired brain injury affect functioning?

A

Biological, Psychological, Social

psych 1/2 (5 decks)

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