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psych 1/2 > outcome 2 > Flashcards

outcome 2 Flashcards

Methodologies, Ethical considerations, Sampling, Types of data, Processes of the brain, Acquired brain injury, Contemporary research, CTE

1
Q

Controlled experiment

A

A type of investigation in which the causal relationship between two variable is tested in a controlled environment

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2
Q

Case study

A

A type of investigation of an individual/ group/ phenomenon that contains a real/hypothetical situation.

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3
Q

Correlational study

A

A type of non experimental study in which researchers observe and measure between 2 or more variables without any active control

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4
Q

Classification and identification

A

Classification - the arrangement of “phenomena/ objects/ events” into manageable sets
Identification - the process of recognising which “” is in each set

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5
Q

Fieldwork

A

Any research involving observation and interaction with people and environments in real world settings

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6
Q

Literature review

A

The process of collating secondary data in order to answer a question or provide background info

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7
Q

Modelling

A

The construction of a physical/ conceptual model that represents a system

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8
Q

Simulation

A

A process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real/theoretical system

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9
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

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10
Q

Confounding variable

A

A variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable

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11
Q

Confidentiality

A

The privacy, protection and security of a participants personal information

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12
Q

Informed consent

A

Ensures participants understand the experiment and the risks before agreeing

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13
Q

Voluntary participation

A

Ensures no coersion is placed on participant to partake

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14
Q

Use of deception in research

A

The act of misleading participants ab/ the nature of the study

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15
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

Participants have the right to discontinue their involvement at any time

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16
Q

Debriefing

A

Ensures the participant leaves with an understanding of the purpose, aim and results

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17
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher. The “cause”

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17
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction about the outcome of an investigation

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18
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured. The “effect”

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19
Q

Sample

A

A subset of the research population

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20
Q

Random sampling

A

Any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has equal chance of selection.

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21
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population that ensures that it’s strata is represented

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22
Q

Primary data

A

Data collected first hand by the researcher

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23
Q

Secondary data

A

Data sourced from others’ prior research

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24
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data expressed non-numerically

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25
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data expressed numerically

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26
Q

Objective data

A

Factual data; measured/ observed independent of personal opinion

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27
Q

Subjective data

A

Data informed by personal opinion

28
Q

The hindbrain

A

The hindbrain is a region at the base of the brain. It coordinates basic survival functions such as movement, breathing rate, heart rate, and digestion.

29
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons

30
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Monitors skeletal muscle movement, balance and posture, and controls procedural or sequential movements

31
Q

Function of the medulla

A

Regulates autonomic processes (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion) and initiates reflexive actions (coughing, sneezing, vomiting)

32
Q

Function of the pons

A

Relays information between the forebrain and the hindbrain
Regulates respiratory system, controls sleeping, dreaming and waking

33
Q

The midbrain

A

The midbrain is a region at the center of the brain and is a part of the brain stem. It processes sensory information, coordinate motor movement relating to sensory stimuli, and regulates sleep

34
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

Reticular Formation

35
Q

Function of the reticular formation

A

Filters neural information that is travelling to the brain and directs these messages to various areas and structures of the brain

36
Q

The forebrain

A

The forebrain is a large and prominent brain region, located at the top and front of the brain. It is responsible for sophisticated mental process, cognition, perception, learning, language and memory

37
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A

Cerebrum, hypothalamus, thalamus

38
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

The largest structure of the brain, has two hemispheres, connected corpus callosum.
Contains cerebral cortex which is responsible for many functions.

39
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates internal processes (hormone levels, hunger, thirst, body temp, blood pressure) as well as functions relating to emotional and motivated behaviours (sex, feeding)

40
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

Relay center for sensory information (excluding olfactory senses)

41
Q

Define cerebral cortex

A

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum

42
Q

The 4 distinct lobes of the cerebral cortex are…

A

The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe

43
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A

Volition, judgement, abstract thinking, problem solving, memory, self awareness, emotional behaviour, personality, voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

44
Q

Associated regions of the frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex, Broca’s Area

45
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements

46
Q

Bronca’s Area

A

Controls language expression and the muscles required for speech

47
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe

A

Receives and processes bodily sensory information.
Modulates attention and spatial perception.
Damage may result in spatial neglect

48
Q

Associated areas of the parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

49
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Responsible for registering and processing sensory info from skin, organs, etc. to form perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and muscle movement

50
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe

A

Interprets auditory information, comprehension of language, formation of memory, recognition of faces, emotional control

51
Q

Associated areas of the temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area

52
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Receives and process auditory information

53
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Wernicke’s area is responsible for the comprehension
of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken
language

54
Q

Functions of the occipital lobe

A

Processes and interprets sight

55
Q

Associated areas of the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex

56
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

The primary visual cortex has an important role in
receiving and processing visual information

57
Q

Traumatic brain injury

A

Caused by external factors or forces

58
Q

Non traumatic brain injury

A

Caused by internal factors

59
Q

Acquired brain injury

A

Any type of brain damage that occurs after birth

60
Q

How does an acquired brain injury affect functioning?

A

Biologically, Psychologically, Socially

61
Q

How does an acquired brain injury affect biological functioning?

A

Behaviour, organ function, cellular and nueronal function

62
Q

How does an acquired brain injury affect psychological functioning?

A

Cognition, behaviour, emotion

63
Q

How does an acquired brain injury affect social functioning?

A

Relationships, interpersonal skills, interactions with environment

64
Q

Machine learning

A

An element of artificial intelligence that allows software to become more accurate at predicting outcomes by mimicking the way that humans learn

65
Q

Gut - brain axis

A

Gut-brain axis is the bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through multiple parts of the nervous system

66
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

CTE is a fatal neurodegenerative disease associated with repeated brain injuries

67
Q

Symptoms of CTE

A

Memory loss, depression, anxiety and paranoia, mood impairments, difficulties in executive functioning, attention and concentration, and disturbances in behaviour

68
Q

CTE diagnosis

A

CTE can only be diagnosed post-mortem through brain tissue analysis. Brain tissue slices are stained to make visible the widespread build-up of p-tau; which forms neurofibrillary tangles.

psych 1/2 (5 decks)

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