Unit 1 - Exam Review Flashcards
1.1 Explain ionic, covalent, and polar covalent
1.1 Explain intermolecular forces
London dispersion - every atom has them, weakest imf
Dipole-Dipole - polar molecules have them, intermediate imf
H-Bonds - molecules with a + H and - N O F
1.1 Water’s 3 unique properties
- Water clings (to itself or to a surface)
- Density (less dense when solid therefore ice floats)
- Water absorbs heat (cooling sweat effect and internal temp maintained)
1.1 Explain molecular polarity
The polarity of a molecule depends not only on the polarity of bonds but also on the 3D VSEPR shape. Bonds cancel out when evenly spaced.
1.1 What is a neutralization rxn
The reaction of an acid and a base to produce water and a salt
1.1 Define buffers
Chemical systems containing a substance that can donate H ions when they are required and containing a substance that can remove H ions when there are too many in a solution
1.2 Name the 6 main functional groups + uses and formula
- Hydroxyl (OH) - Alcohol
- Carboxyl (COOH) - Acids
- Amino (NH2) - Bases
- Sulfhydryl (SH) - Rubber
- Phosphate (PO4) - ATP
- Carbonyl Ketone (=O in middle) - N/A
- Carbonyl Aldehyde (=O) - N/A
1.2 Name and explain the structure and function of the 4 major macromolecules
Carbs (5 types, functional group)
Proteins (types of structure)
Lipids (3 types, rxn to water)
Nucleic acid (shape)
Carbohydrates - Made of simple sugars (CHO) with a carbonyl group. Used as a source of energy. Starch, cellulose, amylopectin, chitin, glycogen.
Proteins - Made of amino acid polymers folded into 3D shapes. Used for structure, enzymes, hormones, etc. Primary (linear), secondary (a helix, b pleated), tertiary (more folds held together by H+), quaternary (multiple amino acid chains).
Lipids - Made of triacylglycerols (containing three fatty acids attached to a single molecule of glycerol), phospholipid (hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails), and waxes (long-chain fatty acid + alcohol). Used as energy storage. Hydrophobic.
Nucleic Acids - Made of nucleotides. Used to store hereditary information. Antiparallel double helix
1.2 Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
Condensation - Removal of H2O to attach molecules
Hydrolysis - Addition of H2O to break molecules
1.3 Name 3 types of energy
Kinetic: energy of movement
Potential: stored energy
Free Energy: energy that can do useful work
1.3 Define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism
Met: Sum of metabolic rxns
Cat: Breaking things down
Ana: Building things up
1.3 Explain entropy
The measurement of disorder in a system. The symbol is S. The universe favors an increase in entropy.
-△G is spontaneous
+△G is non spontaneous
1.3 Laws of thermodynamics
1st Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred from one form to another.
2nd Every time energy is converted into another form, some energy becomes unusable.
1.3 Exergonic vs Endergonic + examples
Exer - Release energy, spontaneous, -△G, cellular resp
Ender - Requires energy, non spontaneous, +△G, photosynthesis
1.4 Enzymes – use + optimal working conditions
Protein catalysts that speed up processes by lowering the activation energy. pH and temp must be optimal or they will be denatured.
1.4 Allosteric regulation and feedback inhibition
Allosteric regulation: activators hold enzymes open, and inhibitors hold them closed. The allosteric site is not the active site.
Feedback inhibition: a product of a later step inhibits an earlier step
1.5 Methods of transport – Passive versus active
Passive: transport that occurs with the concentration gradient that requires no extra energy
Active: transport that occurs against the concentration gradient that requires vesicles
1.5 Passive – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
Simple: Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower
Facilitated: The use of protein transport molecules to facilitate the movement of large or polar molecules into the cell, using the concentration gradient, NA+ K+ pump.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
-Hypertonic solution - solutes > cytoplasm
-Isotonic solution - solutes = cytoplasm
-Hypotonic solution - solutes < cytoplasm
1.5 Active – endocytosis and exocytosis
Endocytosis: movement of large material into the cell
-phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), receptor-mediated (hormones)
Exocytosis: movement of large material out of the cell
-Proteins and hormones are surrounded by a membrane at the Golgi complex and a vesicle is formed. The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and the protein is expelled from the cell.
1.5 Structure and function of the cell membrane and the Fluid Mosaic model + 2 main parts
The fluid component refers to the fact that the membrane is not rigid.
Phospholipids: make up the membrane with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
Proteins: facilitate movement of material through the membrane, enzymes, hormone receptors
