Cellular Respiration Flashcards
What are Photoautotrophs
organisms that create organic compounds from inorganic materials using light energy
Ex: photosynthesis (photo=light; autotrophs=make food)
What are Chemoautotrophs
organisms that create organic compounds required for life from simple inorganic materials (Fe and S containing compounds) without using light energy
Ex: Archaea
What are Heterotrophs
all other organisms that rely on autotrophs for energy
Ex. Humans; sharks
What are Obligate aerobes
require oxygen as final electron acceptor
Ex. Most animals, plants, protists, fungi, bacteria
What are Facultative anaerobes
can tolerate both conditions, with oxygen or without
Ex. E. Coli (dysentery), vibrio cholerae (cholera)
What are Obligate anaerobes
cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
Ex. Clostridium botulinum (food poisoning), Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
What are the four stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycosis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle), Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
Where does Glycolysis occur
Cytoplasm
Where does Pyruvate Oxidation occur
Mitochondrion
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur
Matrix of mitochondria
Where does ETS and Chemiosmosis occur
Inner mmbrane of mitochondria
What happens in Glycolysis + What is produced (brief)
6-Carbon glucose is split, they release 4 ATP and 2NADH then form 2, 3-Carbon pyruvate
What happens in Pyruvate Oxidation + What is produced (brief)
Pyruvate is oxidized, CO2 is removed, produces acetyl-CoA
What happens in the Krebs Cycle + What is produced (brief)
Acetyl-CoA goes through a cycle of reactions, produces CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2 (coenzymes)
What happens in ETS and Chemiosmosis + What is produced (brief)
Coenzymes from previous reactions will pass electrons to oxygen to form H2O, produces ATP
What is PEP + What does it do
phosphoenolpyruvate + 3-carbon molecule transfers its phosphate group to ADP to yield ATP
What is Substrate –Level Phosphorylation
ADP + Phosphate from substrate (PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate) -> ATP
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation
Involves a series of enzyme catalyzed redox reactions, coenzymes, and O2. ADP + P -> ATP
What is NAD + What does it do
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + oxidizes its substrate by removing two hydrogen atoms and carrying electrons to another site
Stage 1 - Glycolysis
-Where it occurs
-What organisms use it
-4 Steps
-Reactants and products
-Cytoplasm
-All organisms, prokaryote and eukaryote
-Glucose activation, sugar splitting, oxidation, formation of ATP
-Glucose -> 4ATP 2NADH 2pyruvate
Stage 2 - Pyruvate Oxidation
-Where it occurs
-What organisms use it
-3 Steps
-Reactants and products
-Matrix of mitochondria
-Those with oxygen present and mitochondria
-Decarboxylation, pyruvate oxidized and NAD reduced, acetlyCoA formed
-2pyruvate -> acetylCoA 0ATP
Stage 3 - Krebs Cycle
-Where it occurs
-What organisms use it
-8 Steps
-Reactants and products
-Matrix of mitochondria
-Those who need energy, those who don’t transform it into fat
-OCIKSSFM
-AcetylCoA -> 2FADH2, 6NADH, 4CO2, 2ATP
Stage 4 - ETC & Chemiosmosis
-Where it occurs
-Steps
-Reactants and products
-Inner membrane of mitochondria
-NADH from glycolysis is turned into FADH2 to cross the membrane, the coenzymes oxidize and the hydrogen protons are pumped out through protein complexes, electrons are sent to Q then to C and back in, the H+ enter the cytochrome oxidase comp. and become ATP
-NADH, FADH2 -> ATP
Name 8 Steps of kerbs cycle
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
Alpha Ketoglutarate
SuccinylCoA
Succinate
Fumerate
Malate
How many carbons per step of the Krebs cycle?
O - 4
C - 6
I - 6
K - 5
S - 4
S - 4
F - 4
M - 4
