Unit 1 Exam Review Flashcards
What is a hydrogen bond?
The slightly positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule of water are attracted to the slightly negative oxygen atoms of other water molecules
What is hydrophobic?
Non-polar molecules that do not have attractive interactions with water molecules
What is hydrophilic?
polar molecules that have attractive interactions with water molecules
What are functional groups?
An atom or group of atoms attatched to a molecule that gives the molecule particular chemical/physical properties
What are the functional groups?
Hydroxyl, carbonyl,carboxyl, amino acid, sulfhydryl and phosphate
Hydroxyl(-OH)
Found in carbs, proteins, Nucleic Acids and lipids
Carbonly(-C0
Found in carbs and nucleic acids
Carboxyl(-COOH)
Found in proteins and lipids
Amino(NH2)
Found in proteins and Nucleic acids
Sulfhydryl(SH)
Found in proteins
Phosphate(PO4)
Found in nucleic acids
What are macromolecules?
large, complex molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules covalently linked together
What is a polymer?
Large molecule composed of smaller monomers
What is a monomer?
smallest repeating unit of a polymer
In carbs, what is the polymer and momomer of starch grains in chloroplasts?
Polymer:Starch Monomer:Monosaachride
In nucleic acids, what is the polymer and monomer in a chromosomes?
Polymer:DNA strand
Monomer:Nucleotide
In proteins, what is the polymer and monomer in an intermediate filament?
Polymer:Polypeptide
Monomer:Amino Acid
In lipids, what is the polymer and monomer in adipose cells with fat droplets?
Polymer:Tryglyceride
Monomer:Fatty acids bonded to glycerol
What are carbohydrates?
biological macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
What is a monosacchride?
a carbohydrate composed between three and seven atoms (Also clasified as a simple sugar)(E.X Glucose, fructose and galactose)
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined together(E.X Sucrose)
What are polysaccharides?
carbohydrate polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds(Starch, glycogen and cellulose)
What are lipids?
macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms with a high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds
What are tryglycerides?
Lipid molecule compsed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by an ester bond (
What are fatty acids?
Hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group
What is a saturated fatty acid?(cheese)
Saturated has no double bonds between carbon atoms
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?(oils)
Unsaturated has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
What are phospholipids?
Lipid composed of glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group
What is a lipid bilayer?
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails gowing towards the centre interatcing with one another
What is a protein?
macromolecule compsed of amono acid monomers linked by covalent bonds
What are amino acids?
Orgnic molecule compsed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group and an R group
What is a polypeptide
Polymer composed of many amino acids linked together
How are polymers broken down?
They are broken down by hydrolysis reactions
Monosaccharide: Structure, example and functions
S:Single 3-7 carbon atom based structure E:Glucose,fructose, galactose F:Primary energy source
Disaccharide: Structure, example and functions
S:2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage E:Sucrose, lactose,maltose F: Dietary sugars used for energy
Polysaccharide: Structure, example and functions
S:many monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkge E:Starch, glycogen and cellulose F: Glycogen is a form of storing glucose in animals. Cellulose gives structural support for plants
Tryglyceride: Structure, example and functions
S:3 Fatty acids by an ester linkage E:Lard, butter, vegetable oils F: long-term energy storage and acts to cushion organs and insulate from heat loss
Phospholipid: Structure, example and functions
S:2 fatty acids and phosphate group E:Phosphatidylcholine F: forms the main structure of cell membranes
Catalyst: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Amylase, sucrase F:speeds up chem reactions
Transport: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Hemogoblin, ion channel proteins F:transports specific substances
Structural: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Collagen, keratin F:provides structure
Movement: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Myosin, actin F:Enables movement
Regulatory: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Hormones, neurotransmitters F:carries cellular messages
Defence: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:antibodes F:fights infection
What is oxidation?
The process involving the loss of electrons
What is reduction?
the process involving the gain of electrons
What is a redox reaction?
chem reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another (Oxidation reduction reaction)
What is a condensation reaction?
chem reactionn that results in the formation of a covalent bond between 2 molecules with the production of a water molecule
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Chem reaction that results in cleavage of a covalent bond with the addition of a water molecule
What is a catalyst?
a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy for the reaction
What is an enzyme?
Bio macromolecule that catalyzes or speeds up a chemical reaction in biological systems
What is the nucleolus?
the non-membrane bound structure in the nucleus , which contains RNA and proteins
What is the nuclear envelope?
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
What is the nuclear pore envelope?
Group of proteins forming an opening in the nuclear envelope
What is the function of the nucleus?
control of the genetical information of the cell and thus the heredity characteristics of an organism
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A complex system of channels and sacs compsed of membranes enclosing a lumen(Rough and Smooth ER)
What is the fucntion of the ER?
calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
What are Ribosomes?
Structure composed of RNA and proteins , and is reponsible fr synthesis of polypeptides in the cytosol and on the surface of the rough ER
What is a vesicle?
membrane-enclosed sac used for transport and storage
What is the function of a vesicle?
move substances into or out of the cell
What is the golgi apparatus?
stack of curved membrane sacs that packages, pocesses, sorts, and distributes proteins, lipids and other substances within a cell
What are lysosomes?
A membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions. breaking down macromolecules
What are peroxisomes?
membrane-bound sacs that contain oxidative enzymes that break down excess fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide, aned participate in the synthesis of bile acids and cholesterol.
What is a vacuole?
Large membrane-bound sac in plant cells and some other cells that stores water, ions, macromolecules, sugars and amino acids
What are chloroplasts?
An organelle within the cell of photosynthetic organisms in which light energy from the sun is captured and stored in the form of high-energy organic molecules such as glucose
What is mitochondrion?
an organelle in eukaryotic cells in which high-energy organic molecules are oxidized to obtain energy
What is the cell wall?
layer rurrounding a plant, algea, fungal, bacterial and some archaea cells
What is the cytoskeleton?
network ofprotein fibres that extends throughout the cytosol, providing structure, shape, support, and motility
What is passive transport?
movement of ions/molecules across a cell membrane from a reigon of higher to lower concentration without energy
What is the concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration between one side of a membrane and the other
What is diffusion?
the net movement of ions/molecules from an area of high to low concentration
What is osmosis?
the movement of water from an area of higher to lower comcentration across a semi-permeable membrane
What is facilitated diffusion?
the transport of ions/molecules across a membrane by means of a membrane protein along the concentration gradient for that ion/molecule
What is a channel protein?
Membrane protein that forms a channel across the cell membrane that allows specific ions/molecules to cross the membrane along theur concentration gradients
What is a carrier protein?
membrane protein that binds to and transports one or more particles of a substance from one side of a membrane to another
What is active transport?
the transport of a solute across a membrane against its gradient
What is primary active transport?
A cellular process that uses ATP directly to move molecules/ions from one side of a membrane to another
What is secondaryactive transport?
The sue of electrochemical gradient as a source of energy to transport ions/molecules across a cell membrane
What is endocytosis?
process by which the cell membrane eats extracellular material to bring it inside the cell
What is phagocytosis?
Endocytosis involving solid particles(cell eating)
What is pinocytosis?
Endocytosis involving liquid particles(cell drinking)
What is exocytosis?
transport method in which a vacule fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell
What is hypotonic?
The solution that loses water
What is hypertonic?
The solution that gains water
What is isotonic