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Biology review > Unit 1 Exam Review > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

The slightly positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule of water are attracted to the slightly negative oxygen atoms of other water molecules

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2
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Non-polar molecules that do not have attractive interactions with water molecules

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3
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

polar molecules that have attractive interactions with water molecules

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4
Q

What are functional groups?

A

An atom or group of atoms attatched to a molecule that gives the molecule particular chemical/physical properties

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5
Q

What are the functional groups?

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl,carboxyl, amino acid, sulfhydryl and phosphate

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6
Q

Hydroxyl(-OH)

A

Found in carbs, proteins, Nucleic Acids and lipids

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7
Q

Carbonly(-C0

A

Found in carbs and nucleic acids

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8
Q

Carboxyl(-COOH)

A

Found in proteins and lipids

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9
Q

Amino(NH2)

A

Found in proteins and Nucleic acids

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10
Q

Sulfhydryl(SH)

A

Found in proteins

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11
Q

Phosphate(PO4)

A

Found in nucleic acids

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12
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

large, complex molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules covalently linked together

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13
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Large molecule composed of smaller monomers

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14
Q

What is a monomer?

A

smallest repeating unit of a polymer

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15
Q

In carbs, what is the polymer and momomer of starch grains in chloroplasts?

A

Polymer:Starch Monomer:Monosaachride

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16
Q

In nucleic acids, what is the polymer and monomer in a chromosomes?

A

Polymer:DNA strand
Monomer:Nucleotide

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17
Q

In proteins, what is the polymer and monomer in an intermediate filament?

A

Polymer:Polypeptide
Monomer:Amino Acid

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18
Q

In lipids, what is the polymer and monomer in adipose cells with fat droplets?

A

Polymer:Tryglyceride
Monomer:Fatty acids bonded to glycerol

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19
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

biological macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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20
Q

What is a monosacchride?

A

a carbohydrate composed between three and seven atoms (Also clasified as a simple sugar)(E.X Glucose, fructose and galactose)

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21
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together(E.X Sucrose)

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22
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

carbohydrate polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds(Starch, glycogen and cellulose)

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23
Q

What are lipids?

A

macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms with a high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

What are tryglycerides?

A

Lipid molecule compsed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by an ester bond (

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25
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group

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26
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?(cheese)

A

Saturated has no double bonds between carbon atoms

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27
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?(oils)

A

Unsaturated has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

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28
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Lipid composed of glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group

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29
Q

What is a lipid bilayer?

A

hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails gowing towards the centre interatcing with one another

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30
Q

What is a protein?

A

macromolecule compsed of amono acid monomers linked by covalent bonds

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31
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Orgnic molecule compsed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group and an R group

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32
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

Polymer composed of many amino acids linked together

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33
Q

How are polymers broken down?

A

They are broken down by hydrolysis reactions

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34
Q

Monosaccharide: Structure, example and functions

A

S:Single 3-7 carbon atom based structure E:Glucose,fructose, galactose F:Primary energy source

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35
Q

Disaccharide: Structure, example and functions

A

S:2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage E:Sucrose, lactose,maltose F: Dietary sugars used for energy

36
Q

Polysaccharide: Structure, example and functions

A

S:many monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkge E:Starch, glycogen and cellulose F: Glycogen is a form of storing glucose in animals. Cellulose gives structural support for plants

37
Q

Tryglyceride: Structure, example and functions

A

S:3 Fatty acids by an ester linkage E:Lard, butter, vegetable oils F: long-term energy storage and acts to cushion organs and insulate from heat loss

38
Q

Phospholipid: Structure, example and functions

A

S:2 fatty acids and phosphate group E:Phosphatidylcholine F: forms the main structure of cell membranes

39
Q

Catalyst: Structure, example and functions

A

S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Amylase, sucrase F:speeds up chem reactions

40
Q

Transport: Structure, example and functions

A

S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Hemogoblin, ion channel proteins F:transports specific substances

41
Q

Structural: Structure, example and functions

A

S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Collagen, keratin F:provides structure

42
Q

Movement: Structure, example and functions

A

S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Myosin, actin F:Enables movement

43
Q

Regulatory: Structure, example and functions

A

S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Hormones, neurotransmitters F:carries cellular messages

44
Q

Defence: Structure, example and functions

A

S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:antibodes F:fights infection

45
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The process involving the loss of electrons

46
Q

What is reduction?

A

the process involving the gain of electrons

47
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

chem reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another (Oxidation reduction reaction)

48
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

chem reactionn that results in the formation of a covalent bond between 2 molecules with the production of a water molecule

49
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Chem reaction that results in cleavage of a covalent bond with the addition of a water molecule

50
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy for the reaction

51
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Bio macromolecule that catalyzes or speeds up a chemical reaction in biological systems

52
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

the non-membrane bound structure in the nucleus , which contains RNA and proteins

53
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

54
Q

What is the nuclear pore envelope?

A

Group of proteins forming an opening in the nuclear envelope

55
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

control of the genetical information of the cell and thus the heredity characteristics of an organism

56
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A complex system of channels and sacs compsed of membranes enclosing a lumen(Rough and Smooth ER)

57
Q

What is the fucntion of the ER?

A

calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

58
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Structure composed of RNA and proteins , and is reponsible fr synthesis of polypeptides in the cytosol and on the surface of the rough ER

59
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

membrane-enclosed sac used for transport and storage

60
Q

What is the function of a vesicle?

A

move substances into or out of the cell

61
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

stack of curved membrane sacs that packages, pocesses, sorts, and distributes proteins, lipids and other substances within a cell

62
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

A membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions. breaking down macromolecules

63
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

membrane-bound sacs that contain oxidative enzymes that break down excess fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide, aned participate in the synthesis of bile acids and cholesterol.

64
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Large membrane-bound sac in plant cells and some other cells that stores water, ions, macromolecules, sugars and amino acids

65
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

An organelle within the cell of photosynthetic organisms in which light energy from the sun is captured and stored in the form of high-energy organic molecules such as glucose

66
Q

What is mitochondrion?

A

an organelle in eukaryotic cells in which high-energy organic molecules are oxidized to obtain energy

67
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

layer rurrounding a plant, algea, fungal, bacterial and some archaea cells

68
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

network ofprotein fibres that extends throughout the cytosol, providing structure, shape, support, and motility

69
Q

What is passive transport?

A

movement of ions/molecules across a cell membrane from a reigon of higher to lower concentration without energy

70
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

Difference in concentration between one side of a membrane and the other

71
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the net movement of ions/molecules from an area of high to low concentration

72
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the movement of water from an area of higher to lower comcentration across a semi-permeable membrane

73
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

the transport of ions/molecules across a membrane by means of a membrane protein along the concentration gradient for that ion/molecule

74
Q

What is a channel protein?

A

Membrane protein that forms a channel across the cell membrane that allows specific ions/molecules to cross the membrane along theur concentration gradients

75
Q

What is a carrier protein?

A

membrane protein that binds to and transports one or more particles of a substance from one side of a membrane to another

76
Q

What is active transport?

A

the transport of a solute across a membrane against its gradient

77
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

A cellular process that uses ATP directly to move molecules/ions from one side of a membrane to another

78
Q

What is secondaryactive transport?

A

The sue of electrochemical gradient as a source of energy to transport ions/molecules across a cell membrane

79
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

process by which the cell membrane eats extracellular material to bring it inside the cell

80
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Endocytosis involving solid particles(cell eating)

81
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Endocytosis involving liquid particles(cell drinking)

82
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

transport method in which a vacule fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell

83
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

The solution that loses water

84
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

The solution that gains water

85
Q

What is isotonic

Biology review (6 decks)

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