Unit 1 exam

Question 1

Spirituality

Answer 1

First peoples view on spirituality is how they view the world. Everyone shared common spiritual aspects but communities still had their own separate beliefs. In the text book it says; “traditionally, most first nations and Inuit people believed that everything has a spirit, including plants, animals, and even rocks, rivers and the sky.

Question 2

Caretakers of Land

Answer 2

First people were caretakers of the land; they didn’t have ownership of the land. In the text book it says,”the resources of the land were not to be exploited or abused: they were gifts from the Creator.” They had no border; they just had territories that were separated by geographical features. Sense of ownership

Question 3

worldview

Answer 3

someone’s conception of the world and how they see the world

Question 4

Language

Answer 4

First peoples language was verb based which described the things they saw in full motion, energy, and change. Europeans had more of a noun based language

Question 5

values

Answer 5

First people saw a huge value in sharing and helping others and the ones who were willing to share more were the more admired ones. The communities wanted to be respected by each other and that was done by sharing material goods. One of the main things they shared was the bison because it was big and lots of it to share. In the text book it says, “the family for the potloc showed its wealth and social status by distributing gifts to its guests.”

Question 6

Oral Traditions

Answer 6

First peoples oral traditions are all about telling stories. They would use pictures, symbols and words that can help educate, entertain and teach values to people. All storytellers would all have their own variations of stories but they would all still be very similar. It was more about the morals. In the text book it says, “The Haudenosaunee use wampum belts as a way to help record important treaties and agreements.” No written language

Question 7

Fur Trade

Answer 7

The fur trade was based on good relationships between the First Nations peoples and the European traders. First Nations people gathered furs and brought them to posts to trade for textiles, tools, guns, and other goods.

Question 8

Dependence & Division

Answer 8

The fur trade started to become more and more favorable for the Europeans, they started to demand more from them. They also started having less traditional practices. Division started conflict because they need more resources for the demand.

Question 9

Conflicts & Alliances

Answer 9

The Europeans to make profit they had to become alliances with the first nations which later eventually caused the Haudenosaunee wars. English won over the french.

Question 10

Disease

Answer 10

More than half the population died because of the diseases the Europeans brought over and they had no immunity to and they lost lots of culture knowledge because of elders died. The disease spread so fast and they had no idea it was around.

Question 11

Missionaries

Answer 11

First nations were forced and convinced into learning Christianity. Young girls were taken from their homes, women were encouraged to marry French men and communities were based on farming

Question 12

Religion/Christian

Answer 12

Orthodox and protestant (europeans)

Question 13

Land

Answer 13

Adapt to where you live, shapes your identity, beliefs, culture and substance for your life

Question 14

Acadians

Answer 14

The Acadians are an ethnic group descended from the French who settled in the New France colony of Acadia

Question 15

Inuit

Answer 15

indigenous group of people up north

Question 16

Royal Government (1663 - 1760)

Answer 16

in france; king of France , minister of the marine. in nouvelle france; the sovereign council (included governor, intendant, bishop, and five other councilors); captains of the military (army composed of regular citizens were selected by their peers, reported concerns and informed any plans made by the royal government); colonists

Question 17

New France

Answer 17

New France refers to a colony centered in the St. Lawrence Valley of present-day eastern Canada that extended west to the Illinois Country (Upper Louisiana) and east to Newfoundland. Its settlements were heavily involved in the fur trade and made alliances with the local groups. It started 1608 - 1760. Battle of the plains if Abreham ended New France

Question 18

monopoly

Answer 18

want to own everything

Question 19

Great Law (Iroquois)

Answer 19

a constitution that established a democracy between five Iroquois-speaking tribes—the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, and Mohawk

Question 20

Paternalism

Answer 20

a system under which an authority undertakes to supply needs or regulate conduct of those under its control in matters affecting them as individuals as well as in their relations to authority and to each other. A person takes charge and tells you what to do.

Question 21

Hierarchy

Answer 21

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority

Question 22

Mercantilism

Answer 22

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism, export more than you import, become self sufficient

Question 23

Constitution

Answer 23

provides the fundamental rules and principles that govern a country

Question 24

Absolute Monarchy

Answer 24

a form of government in which an all-powerful king or queen rules a state.

Question 25

Patronage

Answer 25

is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another

Question 26

Jauques Cartier

Answer 26

French Explorer. The first European to navigate the St. Lawrence River, his explorations of the river and the Atlantic coast of Canada, on three expeditions from 1534 to 1542, laid the basis for later French claims to North America. Kidnapped Chief Donnacona and his two sons

Question 27

Samuel de Champlain

Answer 27

Known as the “Father of New France,” played a major role in establishing New France from 1603 to 1635. He is also credited with founding Quebec City in 1608. He explored the Atlantic coastline (in Acadia), the Canadian interior and the Great Lakes region.

Question 28

Stadacona

Answer 28

Cartier organized a second expedition in 1535, during which he went to Stadacona (Quebec) to revisit Donnacona. He then made his way towards Hochelaga (Montreal) where he met other Iroquois. Cartier returned to Stadacona to spend the winter in a small fort built by his men. The harsh winter took a terrible toll.

Question 29

Colonialism

Answer 29

control by one power over a dependent area or people. It occurs when one nation subjugates another, conquering its population and exploiting it, often while forcing its own language and cultural values upon its people

Question 30

assimilation

Answer 30

The process of absorbing one cultural group into another

Question 31

Accommodation

Answer 31

to agree, however tacitly, with the existing order of things—to compromise, to oblige, to be pliable

Question 32

Segregation

Answer 32

separation of groups of people with differing characteristics, ex: reserves

Question 33

Annihilation

Answer 33

the state or fact of being completely destroyed or obliterated

Question 34

Residential Schools

Answer 34

a school where FN children were taken from their homes to strip their culture, make them more European

Question 35

Suppression of First Nations Culture

Answer 35

all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation

Question 36

Status vs. Enfancisment

Answer 36

Indian status is the legal standing of a person who is registered under the Indian Act. Enfranchisement is a legal process for terminating a person’s Indian status and conferring full Canadian citizenship, right to vote

Question 37

First Nation in WWI

Answer 37

more than 4,000 Indigenous people served in uniform during the conflict. It was a remarkable response and in some areas, one in three able-bodied men would volunteer

Question 38

numbered treaties

Answer 38

The government wanted to negotiate numbered treaties to open up land for immigrant settlement and to make sure there is a peaceful relationship between first nations and newcomers.

Question 39

Pass System

Answer 39

The government didn’t want the first nations to support each other so they enforced a law where if they wanted to leave they had to get permission or a pass from the Indian agent to go into another reserve

Question 40

Indian Agent

Answer 40

were federal government employees that had authority to manage reserves and enforce the Indian act provisions. They controlled almost everything they did

Question 41

Identify and Registration

Answer 41

One of the powers the Indian acts took was the ability to define who could and could not have Indian status. depending on their status they were allowed to do certain things

Question 42

Role of Government (New France WS)

Answer 42

was to improve resources and farming as well as making relationships for trade. Government would be a system of royal government controlled by the french monarch

Question 43

Acculturation

Answer 43

the processes of change in artifacts, customs, and beliefs that result from the contact of two or more cultures

Question 44

Democracy

Answer 44

Government elected by the people

Question 45

Coureurs de Bois

Answer 45

Young men from the St. Lawrence region who were looking for adventure. Illegal french traders marring inuit women to start Metis.

Question 46

Discuss a First Nation and European Worldview regarding land

Answer 46

The First Nations worldview was that the land was given by the creator and that everything is a gift, so don’t abuse or waste anything. European world view was use any resources as a way of improving and beneficial for humans

Question 47

Discuss 2 worldviews (one for FN and one for Euro.) that affected the relationship between First Nations and Europeans

Answer 47

-Diseases because more than half of the population died because of the diseases the Europeans brought over and they had no immunity to it. They lost lots of culture knowledge because it was a lot of the older FN who died that ended up being elders who passed on stories.
-Utilized the land to its max and didn’t believe to save any for further generation. This affected the relationship between the two because they ended up using all their resources which caused conflict.

Question 48

Explain how Mercantilism depicts a European Worldview and provide at least 4 facts, reasons, and/or examples

Answer 48

Fur trade because the Europeans came over hunting and trading and sending it back to France to manufacture items and then selling it to the people.

Question 49

What was the economic role of the colony of New France?

Answer 49

Fur trading was the major economic activity in New France. Europeans had a large demand for fur products, and Canada and the Mississippi valley had all the resources necessary to meet the demand.

Question 50

Discuss the inclusive nature of First Nations decision-making

Answer 50

First Nations decision-making processes are rooted in the principles of inclusivity, which are fundamental to their governance structures and cultural traditions. These processes ensure that a wide range of voices and perspectives are considered when making decisions that impact their communities. An example of this is, Elders’ Involvement: Elders play a crucial role in decision-making within many First Nations communities. They are respected for their wisdom, experience, and traditional knowledge, and their input is highly valued.

Question 51

Discuss the hierarchical nature of European decision-making

Answer 51

The hierarchical European decision-making was characterized by a mix of monarchical authority, influence of the nobility, the power of the Catholic Church, and various representative and autonomous institutions. They held titles and land, which came with specific rights and privileges. Nobles exerted pressure on monarchs to protect their interests and often had their own assemblies or parliaments to influence policies.

Question 52

How was the Iroquois system of government most effective?

Answer 52

The Iroquois system of government, which was used by some Indigenous peoples in Canada, was a way they made decisions together. They had leaders from different tribes, and everyone had to agree on what to do. This helped them avoid fights and work together. This system also helped them solve problems and make peace with other tribes and later with new people from Europe.

Question 53

How was the European system of government most effective?

Answer 53

In Europe, some kings and queens tried to make their countries better by improving things like laws and education. This helped make their governments stronger. Europe also had powerful armies and colonies, which made them rich and strong. But not everyone was treated the same way.

Question 54

Describe one weakness of both the European and First Nations decision making process

Answer 54

-One significant weakness of the European decision-making process was the lack of democracy and transparency. Political power was concentrated in the hands of monarchs and aristocrats, while common people had little representation, and decisions were often made in secret.
-The First Nations people didn’t have a strong, united way to make important decisions together. Each group had its own way of doing things, which made it hard to work together when dealing with European settlers. This lack of unity made it easier for the Europeans to take advantage of the First Nations. Some groups tried to come together in alliances, but the lack of communication for decision-making remained a problem.

Question 55

Discuss one example of accommodation and one example of assimilation in Canadian history

Answer 55

-The Treaty of Niagara in 1764 is a notable historical example of accommodation between European settlers and First Nations. It recognized the sovereignty of indigenous nations, emphasized peace and friendship, promoted trade and commerce, and respected indigenous cultures. While it set a positive precedent, subsequent actions and policies often did not honor these principles, highlighting the complex history of indigenous-settler relations.
-The Indian Residential School system in Canada, is a notable example of assimilation policies with First Nations.

Question 56

What are the other two forms of acculturation?

Answer 56

-Integration: Embracing both the original culture and the host culture, resulting in a blend of customs and values.
-Separation: Maintaining the original cultural identity and avoiding interaction or assimilation with the dominant culture.

Question 57

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