Unit 1: Evolution of Psychology Flashcards
Who is the founder of modern psychology?
William Wundt
Explain Theme 1: Psychology is empirical.
one can acquire knowledge through systemic observation through intuition, common sense, speculation.
Explain Theme 2: Psychology is theoretically diverse
Psychology is not black and white, one of several theories can be correct
Explain Theme 3: Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
one must understand the concept of behaviourism and its once dominant position. One single theory cannot explain behaviour
Explain Theme 4: behaviour is determined by multiple causes
multiple causations which are complex
Explain Theme 5:
Explain Theme 6:
Explain Theme 7:
Applied psychology
Practical application of the principles, theories, and research findings from the study of psychology.
Behaviour
range of actions, emotions, responses that are displayed by humans
Behaviourism
the psychological approach that focuses on studying and understanding human behaviour
Who came up with Behaviourism?
B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson
Biological psychology
relationship between biology and psych (ie: neurology, genetics, cognition, mental processes).
Clinical psychology
assessing, diagnosing, treating disorders.
Cognition
mental processes and activities related to acquiring, processing, storing, and using information.
Counselling Psychology
helping individuals, couples, families to address emotional, personal, social, psychological challenges.
Critical Thinking
process of skillfully analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information and arguments, to make reasonable judgements and decisions.
Developmental psychology
area studying the development of humans across the lifespan.
Empiricism
philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of sensory experience and empirical evidence in gaining knowledge and understanding of the world
Functionalism
views society as a system composed of interrelated parts working together to maintain stability and achieve specific functions.
Humanism
value and agency of humans at the centre of attention. focuses on inherent worth, dignity, and potential of individuals.
Industrial/Organizational psychology
workplace/industry setting, behaviour in the context of work
Introspection
process of examining and reflecting upon one’s own thoughts, feelings, mental experiences. “Turning inward.”
Positive Psychology
seeks to understand the factors that contribute to a fulfilling and meaningful life.
Character strengths, virtues, positive emotions, resilience, positive relationships.
Structuralism
analyzing the structure of conscious experiences through systemic introspection and identifying basic elements of consciousness.
*Gave way to functionalism and behaviourism
Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
How did Freud structure the mind? (3 parts)
- conscious mind
- preconscious mind
- unconscious mind
What is the Opedipus complex?
during phallic stages, children develop unconscious desires for their opposite sex parent and view their same-sex parent as a rival. Freud thought this was crucial in the development of healthy adult relationships.
How Freud viewed dreams?
dreams provide insight into unconscious desires
Who was influential in developmental psychology?
G. Stanley Hall
G. Stanley Hall was influential in the development of what association?
APA
Where did G. Stanley Hall establish psychology labs?
Johns Hopkins and Clark University
Who was influential in neurology and understanding brain development?
Donald Hebb
What is Hebbian learning?
“Cells that fire together, wire together”
studied the strengthening of neuron connections.
also studied brain injuries and their influence on cognition and behaviour
Who was influential on the creation of functionalism?
William James
What is the James-Lange theory?
emotions are a result of physiological responses to stimuli
*belief that emotions stem from one’s interpretation of physical sensations
Ex:heart beating fast and strong leads you to realize you are scared
what refers to the continuous flow of thoughts, sensations, experiences, that make up our conscious experience?
the Stream of Consciousness
Who was the founder of humanistic psychology?
Carl Rogers
Who developed person-centred therapy?
Carl Rogers
Who believed in empathy, active listening, unconditional positive regard, personal growth through self-exploration
Carl Rogers
Who founded positive psychology?
Martin Seligman
What type of psychology emphasizes the research on helplessness, optimism, well-being, human flourishing, resilience?
Positive Psychology
What does the PERMA model stand for and what is it?
Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishments model: these feelings lead to increased well-being and increased quality of life.
Who believed in operant conditioning?
B.F Skinner
Who rejected free will?
B.F Skinner
Who believed that reinforcement and punishment drive behaviour?
B.F Skinner
Who is considered “the father of behaviourism?”
John B. Watson
Who advocated for a change from studying mental processes to observational behaviour?
John B. Watson
Who is the father of experimental psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who created introspection?
Wilhelm Wundt
