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N...5 Ch,,emist. ry > Unit 1 - Definitions > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Valency

A

The number of bonds an element needs, to have a full outer shell.

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2
Q

Ions

A

An ion is an atom or molecule with a net charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

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3
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest a substance can be and still stable.

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4
Q

Atomic number

A

Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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5
Q

Mass number

A

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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6
Q

Neutral atom

A

Protons and electrons are equal.

Positive charges and negative charges cancel out.

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7
Q

Defenition of Isotopes

A

An isotope is

2 or more atoms (of the same element) with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

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8
Q

Definition of isotopes in terms of particles

A

2 or more atoms (of the same element) with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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9
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

Relative atomic mass is the mass of an element relative to the proportion of each isotope.

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10
Q

Solutions and solubility

A

Solute - the substance that dissolves in the solvent.

Solvent - the liquid that dissolves the solvent

Solution - the substance made from the solute and solvent.

Saturated - when no more solute dissolves in the solvent.

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11
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Catalysts are substances that speed up a reaction without being used up in reaction.

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12
Q

Definition of

Rate of reaction

A

The rate of a reaction is a measure of how quickly a reactant is used up, or a product is produced.

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13
Q

Why do atoms form bonds?

A

Atoms form bonds to achieve a full stable electron arrangement.

(Like a noble gas)

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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

A covalent bond is an electrostatic force of attraction between the positive nuclei and the shared electrons.

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15
Q

Ionic bonds

A

An ionic bond is an electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions.

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16
Q

Molecule

A

A small number of non-metal atoms covalently bonded together.

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17
Q

Electrolysis

A

Electrolysis is the process of

Separating a compound into its elements using electric current.

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18
Q

Gram formula mass

A

gfm = the relative atomic mass for 1 mole of an atom.

The mass in grams of 1 mole of an element or compound.

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19
Q

Universal indicator

A

Universal indicator is used to tell if something is a acidic, alkali or neutral.

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20
Q

pH

A

pH is the number which indicates how acid or alkaline a substance is.

(pH means power of hydrogen)

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21
Q

What are acids?

A

Acids are solutions containing a greater concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.

22
Q

What are alkalis?

A

Alkalis are solutions containing a greater concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.

An Alkali is a soluble base.

23
Q

What are neutral solutions?

A

Neutral solutions contain an equal amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

24
Q

What is a base?

A

A base is defined as anything that neutralises and acid.

25
Q

How are acids made?

A

Acids are made when:

Soluble non-metal oxides form acids when dissolved in water.

26
Q

How are alkalis made?

A

Alkalis are made when:

Soluble metal oxides form alkalis when dissolved in water.

27
Q

What is pH dependent on?

A

pH is dependent on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

28
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction?

A

A neutralisation reaction is a reaction in which a base reacts with an acid to form water.

(A salt is also produced)

29
Q

Titration

A

Titrations are used to calculate the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration, known as a standard solution.

30
Q

Solute

A

Solute (substance) dissolves (in the solvent)

31
Q

Solvent

A

Solvent (the liquid) dissolves the solute

32
Q

Solution

A

The substance that is made from the solute and solvent

Solute + solvent

33
Q

Saturated

A

No more solute can dissolve in the solvent

34
Q

Covalent molecule

A

Have fixed - shapes, sizes and formulae (non-metals)

35
Q

What are delocalised electrons?

A

Delocalised electrons are electrons that are free to move between the layers. This allows electricity and heat to be conducted.

36
Q

What are charged particles called?

A

Ions

37
Q

Monatomic

A

A substance which exists as single, unbonded atoms.

E.g. noble gases

38
Q

Ions - metals and non-metals

A

Non metal form ions by GAINING electrons to form negative ions.

Metals form ions by LOSING outer electrons to form positive ions.

39
Q

Ions - Charge and valency

A

The charge on the ion equals its valency.

40
Q

Types of bonding

A

Covalent - non metals only

Ionic - metals and non metals only

Metallic - metals only

41
Q

Number of methods to react/collect gases?

A

2 methods - they are interchangeable

Diagrams in jotter

42
Q

3 common lab acids

A 
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Nitric acid (HNO3)
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
43
Q

Test for hydrogen gas

A

Burns with a popping sound. ?

44
Q

Test for carbon dioxide

A

Carbon dioxide gas turns lime water cloudy.

45
Q

Test for oxygen

A

Oxygen gas relights a glowing splint.

46
Q

Examples of bases (4)

Neutralisation

A
  • metal oxide
  • metal hydroxide
  • metal carbonate
  • ammonia
47
Q

Describe a diatomic molecule

A

A molecule made up of only 2 atoms (they can be the same atom or 2 different atoms)

48
Q

Dissociation of water equation

A

H2O H+(aq) + OH- (aq)

49
Q

Ions in acids and alkalis

A

Acids contain a higher concentration of H+ ions that OH- ions.

Alkalis contain a higher concentration of OH- ions that H+ ions.

Neutral substances contain equal concentrations of OH- and H+ ions.

50
Q

Neutralisation equations

A

Metal oxide + acid —-> water + salt

Metal hydroxide + acid —-> water + salt

Metal carbonate + acid —-> water + salt + carbon dioxide

51
Q

Spectator ions

A

A spectator ion is an ion which h is present in a reaction but is not involved. It is ‘spectating’.

52
Q

Titration method

A

An indicator shows the end point.

A rough titre is done first to give a rough idea of quantities. It is NEVER used for calculations.

A white tile is used to make the colour change clearer.

Repeat until results are concordant (within 0.2cm³ of each other)

An average titre is calculated from the 2 concordant titres.

N...5 Ch,,emist. ry (7 decks)

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