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Psychology > Unit 1 - Data Recording, Analysis and Presentation > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Data Recording, Analysis and Presentation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Lowest level of data. It’s a ‘headcount’ of participants who do one thing compared to another

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2
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Relates to the rank order in which data can be placed. Results can be placed highest to lowest, however no account is taken of how small or big the gap is between the results.

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3
Q

What is interval/ ratio data?

A

Takes into account the rank order and the individual results so how far away the first and second results are from each other. Interval can go into negative numbers whereas, ratio has a true zero point.

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4
Q

What is primary data?

A

Data gathered directly from participants by the researcher

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5
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Data gathered by someone other than the researcher

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6
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Where participants are able to work out the real aim of the study and will give the researcher the answer they think they want

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7
Q

What are socially desirable answers?

A

When participants give certain answers they think will shed them in a good light

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8
Q

What are the strengths of using Quantitative Data?

A
  1. Easy to analyse
  2. Can find averages
  3. Comparative
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9
Q

What are the weaknesses of using Quantitative Data?

A
  1. No context

2. Less descriptive

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10
Q

What are the strengths of using Qualitative Data?

A
  1. Gives how someone is feeling - can be more important

2. Context given

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11
Q

What are the weaknesses of using Qualitative Data?

A
  1. Harder to analyse

2. Time - consuming to go through

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12
Q

What is an advantage of calculating the mean?

A

All data is included

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13
Q

What is a disadvantage of calculating the mean?

A

Outlier scores are included which could skew the results

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14
Q

What is an advantage of calculating the median?

A

Not affected by outlier scores

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15
Q

What is a disadvantage of calculating the median?

A

Doesn’t take into account all data

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16
Q

What is an advantage of calculating the mode?

A

Can be used for non - numerical data

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17
Q

What is a disadvantage of calculating the mode?

A

Impossible if all data is different or more than one mode

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18
Q

What are the measures of central tendency?

A
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
19
Q

When would you leave a gap between the bars on a bar chart?

A

When plotting seperate categories

ie. colours

20
Q

What is an advantage of calculating the range?

A

It’s quick and easy

21
Q

What are the disadvantages of calculating the range?

A
  1. Can be skewed by outliers

2. Only takes into account top and bottom value (extreme values?)

22
Q

What is the variance?

A

How much data varies from the mean?

23
Q

How do you calculate the variance?

A
  1. Find the mean
  2. Calculate ‘d’ - subtract each participants score from mean
  3. Calculate ‘d^2’ - square each ‘d’
  4. Calculate ‘∑d^2’ - add all ‘d^2’ together
  5. Calculate mean of the ∑d^2
24
Q

What are the advantages of calculating the variance?

A
  1. Takes all values into account

2. Less likely to be affected by outliers

25
Q

What is a disadvantage of calculating the variance?

A
  1. Not original units - squared values
26
Q

What is the standard deviation / How do you calculate the standard deviation?

A

The square root of the variance

27
Q

What are the advantages of calculating the standard deviation?

A
  1. All data included

2. Expressed in somewhat the original data

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of calculating the standard deviation?

A
  1. Time - consuming

2. More difficult than range

29
Q

What are the measures of dispersion?

A
  1. Range
  2. Variance
  3. Standard Deviation
30
Q

What is internal reliability?

A

Is the experiment standardised and replicable?

31
Q

What is external reliability?

A

Was the sample large enough?

32
Q

What is inter - rater reliability

A

Did the different raters give similar estimates of behavior?

ie. Bandura

33
Q

What is test retest reliability?

A

When you use the same test on two occasions to see if you produce consistent results

34
Q

What is split half reliability?

A

When you split the test into two halves and assess how consistent the results are

35
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Were the results due to the variables they were tested against or could it be due to extraneous variables

36
Q

What is population validity?

A

Can the sample be generalised?

37
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

Was the experiment true-to-life?

38
Q

What is face validity?

A

Does the experiment test what it aims to test?

39
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Does the test relate to the underlying theoretical concepts?

40
Q

What is criterion validity?

A

Do the results correlate to the other variables or criteria to reflect the same construct?

41
Q

Which ethics are under the heading respect?

A
  1. Confidentiality
  2. Withdrawal
  3. Informed Consent
42
Q

Which ethics are under the heading responsibility?

A
  1. Protection from harm

2. Debriefing

43
Q

Which ethic is under the heading integrity?

A

Deception

44
Q

What’s the last ethic?

A

Competence

Psychology (12 decks)

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