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Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

Which ethics are under the heading respect?

A
  1. Confidentiality
  2. Withdrawal
  3. Informed Consent
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2
Q

Which ethics are under the heading responsibility?

A
  1. Protection from harm

2. Debriefing

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3
Q

Which ethic is under the heading integrity?

A

Deception

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4
Q

What’s the last ethic?

A

Competance

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5
Q

What are the benefits of using ethical considerations?

A
  1. Good that participants are treated well and with respect
  2. Enhances the reputation of psychology as an academic discipline
  3. Researchers are more likely to get participants for future research if they are seen to be treated well
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6
Q

What are the drawbacks of using ethical considerations?

A
  1. Can place limitations on research
  2. It can reduce the authenticity of research if participants know the aim
  3. Sampling bias can be a problem if they are able to withdraw
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7
Q

What is the individual/situational debate?

A

If a person’s behaviour is the result of their personality or the situation they’re placed in. At the extremes it suggests that anyone placed in the same situation would act in the same way or that a person’s behaviour will be unchanging whatever situation they’re in

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8
Q

What are the strengths of the individual side?

A
  1. Helps us understand why people behave the way they do

2. Useful - could place people in jobs or relationships based on personality characteristics

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9
Q

What are the weaknesses of the individual side?

A
  1. Limited uses - if personality controls than hard to change them
  2. Reductionist - misses out situational factors
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10
Q

What are the strengths of the situational side?

A
  1. Helps to understand why people behave the way they do

2. Useful - can alter behaviour by altering the situation that creates it

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11
Q

What are the weaknesses of the situational side?

A
  1. Socially sensitive - could be an excuse to explain bad behaviour
  2. Reductionist - misses out individual factors
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12
Q

What is the nature/nurture debate?

A

If we are a product of our genetic inheritance or if we are products of our upbringings.

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13
Q

What are the strengths of the nature side?

A
  1. Useful - though only pointing towards genetic modifications and biological interventions
  2. Not ethnocentric as biological factors will affect people same way anywhere
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14
Q

What are the weaknesses of the nature side?

A
  1. Limited uses - may not be possible to change a person’s nature
  2. Reductionist - missing out nurture/social factors
  3. Socially sensitive - identifying a problem someone can’t change about themselves
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15
Q

What is the strength of the nurture side?

A
  1. Useful - suggesting we can change behavior by changing how a child is brought up
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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of the nurture side?

A
  1. Reductionist - missing out impact of nature
  2. Ethnocentric - cultures vary in how people are brought up
  3. Socially sensitive - children blame parents for how brought up
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17
Q

What is usefulness of research?

A

If the psychological research has practical applications to it

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18
Q

What are the benefits of usefulness of research?

A
  1. Can have positive practical applications
  2. More likely to attract attention and get research grants as it has an application
  3. Can improve the reputation of psychology being an academic subject
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19
Q

What are the drawbacks of usefulness of research?

A
  1. Research can be put to good and bad uses
  2. Psychologist might no do ‘pure’ research as it could be useful in the future
  3. Could put pressure on psychologists do break ethical guidelines to make research useful
  4. Researchers can’t do research out of interest
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20
Q

What is the reductionism - holism debate?

A

Centres on how we should try explaining human behaviour and how research can be conducted

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21
Q

What is the reductionist side of the debate?

A

Human behaviour explained as arising from simple processes

Research should be conducted by isolating variables one at a time to establish cause and effect

22
Q

What is the holistic side of the debate?

A

Human behaviour should be viewed as product of different influences which interact
Research should be conducted by developing a multi - factor model or conduct a case - study which captures all influences on behaviour

23
Q

What are the strengths of the reductionist side?

A
  • more scientific
  • able to draw more detailed conclusions (highly controlled)
  • more replicable
24
Q

What are weaknesses of the reductionist side?

A
  • human behaviour is too complex to b reduced to single-factor explanations
  • lack ecological validity
25
Q

What are the strengths of the holistic side?

A
  • more complete understanding

- research isn’t limited to one area or perspective

26
Q

What are the weaknesses of the holistic side?

A
  • difficult to find which factor has the biggest effect

- only verifiable by testing variables one by one (going back to reductionism)

27
Q

What is the psychology as a science debate?

A

Proving that psychology is an academic disciplie

28
Q

What are the 3 features that make a subject a science?

A
  1. Objectivity
  2. Replicability
  3. Falsifiability
29
Q

What is objectivity?

A

Findings that are matter of fact not opinion

30
Q

What is replicability?

A

If the study can be repeated and the same results obtained

31
Q

What is falsifiability?

A

If it would be possible to prove findings wrong

32
Q

What are the benefits of psychological research being scientific?

A
  • often quantitative data (analyse)
  • less vulnerable to researcher bias
  • use of lab, cause and effect
  • replicable
33
Q

What are the drawbacks of psychological research being scientific?

A
  • often lacks qualitative data (no context)
  • often reductionist
  • lack ecological validity
34
Q

What is conducting socially sensitive research?

A 
Topics can cause negative effects to participants in the study or the class of people they represent
Ensure all findings are valid and cannot be used inappropriately
35
Q

What are the benefits of socially sensitive research?

A
  • answer important questions and improve our understanding of human behaviour
  • can lead to useful practical applications
36
Q

What are the drawbacks of socially sensitive research?

A
  • can involve potential harm to participant
  • can lead to people beyond the study being viewed negatively
  • insights could be used for inappropriate purposes
37
Q

What is the free will/determinism debate?

A

About the extent we have control over our actions

38
Q

What is the freewill position?

A

Behaviour is a product of our choice and can choose how we behave

39
Q

What is the determinist position?

A

Our behaviour is caused by factors outside of our control. Biological determinism (genetic) or Environmental determinism (social, upbringing, physical)

40
Q

What are the strengths of the freewill position?

A
  • not socially sensitive (have control over behaviour)

- Useful - people hold accountable for actions

41
Q

What are the weaknesses of the freewill position?

A
  • unscientific

- socially sensitive - uncomfortable being told they are responsible for actions

42
Q

What are the strengths of the determinism position?

A
  • positive uses - wanted behaviour

- scientific - controlled experiments (cause and effect)

43
Q

What are the weaknesses of the determinism position?

A
  • practical uses (law)
  • reductionist - behaviour not so easily explained
  • socially sensitive - uncomfortable being told they are not in control
44
Q

What studies best link to the individual / situational debate?

A
  1. Milgram
  2. Piliavin
  3. Bandura
45
Q

What studies best link to the nature/nurture debate?

A
  1. Bandura

2. Blakemore and Cooper

46
Q

What studies best link to the usefulness of research?

A
  1. Milgram
  2. Loftus and Palmer
  3. Bandura
  4. Chaney
47
Q

What studies best link to the reductionism/holism debate?

A
  1. Milgram
  2. Loftus and Palmer
  3. Freud
48
Q

What studies best link to the psychology as a science debate?

A
  1. Blakemore and Cooper
  2. Sperry
  3. Loftus and Palmer
49
Q

What studies best link to socially sensitive research?

A
  1. Yerkes
  2. Freud
  3. Milgram
50
Q

What studies best link to the freewill/determinism debate?

A
  1. Bandura
  2. Loftus and Palmer
  3. Blakemore and Cooper
  4. Sperry

Psychology (12 decks)

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