Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

Question 1

Name the Functional Groups (7)

Answer 1

Methyl - (R-Ch3)
Hydroxyl - (R-OH)
Carbonyl- (R-CO)
Carboxyl - (R-COOH)
Amine - (R-NH2)
Sulfhydryl - (R-SH)
Phosphate - (R-PO4^3-)

Question 2

Name Macromolecules (4)

Answer 2

definition: Cells join smaller organic molecules together to form larger molecules.

Carbs - Sugar (glucose) - glycosidic bond
Fat/Lipids - Fatty Acid, Glycerol- ester bond
Proteins - Amino Acids- peptide bond
Nucleic Acid - Nucleotide phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, A/G/T/C nitrogen bond

Question 3

Protein & Function

Answer 3

• instrumental in about everything that an organism does; the overwhelming enzymes in cells and regulate metabolism by selectively accelerating chemical bonds

-Functions: structural support, storage. transport of other substances, intercellular signaling, movement, and defense against foreign substances

-most structurally complex molecules known

• protein polymers are constructed from the set of amino acids (20 monomers)

-polymers of protein are called polypeptides

Question 4

polypeptide

Answer 4

• a polymer of amino acids connected in a specific sequence

Question 5

Amino Acid Structure

Answer 5

consists of four components: attracted to central carbon (alpha carbon), hydrogen atom (above), a carboxyl group (right), an amino group (left), a variable “R’’ group -> side chain(below)

Question 6

Macromolecules

Answer 6

Cells join smaller organic molecules together to form larger molecules.

Question 7

Folding of a Protein: Primary Structure

Answer 7

• The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids.

-The precise primary structure of a protein is determined by inherited genetic information.

Question 8

Folding of a Protein: Secondary Structure

Answer 8

• results from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone
  Typical shapes that develop from the secondary structure are coils (an alpha helix) or folds (beta pleated sheets).

Question 9

Folding of a Protein: Tertiary Structure

Answer 9

• Tertiary structure is determined by various interactions among R groups and between R groups and the polypeptide backbone.
• These interactions include hydrogen bonds among polar and/or charged areas, ionic bonds between charged R groups, and Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions among hydrophobic R groups

Question 10

Folding of a Protein: Quaternary Structure

Answer 10

Quarternary structure results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.
Collagen is a fibrous protein of three supercoiled polypeptides like a rope.
This provides the structural strength for their role in connective tissue.
Hemoglobin is a globular protein with two copies of two kinds of polypeptides

Question 11

Glucose drawing (alpha and beta)

Answer 11

(Refer to notes for drawings)

Question 12

triglyceride drawing

Answer 12

(refer to notes)

Question 13

Parts of an atom: atomic number, mass number, atomic mass,

Answer 13

Atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons
mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons
Atomic mass = average weight of an element with respect with to its isotopes

Question 14

Hydrolysis

Answer 14

involves adding water to one large molecule to split-multiple smaller molecules

Question 15

dehydration reaction

Answer 15

reactions in which molecules combine to become macromolecules by the removal of a H atom and an OH group between them,(covalent bond is form)

Question 16

monosaccharides w/ 3 examples

Answer 16

The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides or simple sugars.
ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 17

disaccharides w 3 examples

Answer 17

Disaccharides, double sugars, consist of two monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction. Two monosaccharides can join with a glycosidic linkage

ex: lactose. maltose. sucrose

Question 18

Polysaccharides

Answer 18

Polysaccharides are just polymers of monosaccharides.

ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 19

hydrogen bond

Answer 19

molecule to molecule bond

Question 20

How does polarity of the water molecule make it a versatile solvent

Answer 20

Water acts as a solvent b/c it can be affected by positive/negative electrical charge on a solvent. It contains extremely polar hydrogen bonds

Question 21

Distinguish between organic and inorganic

Answer 21

Organic: always has a carbon atom, mostly contains carbon and hydrogen atoms

Inorganic: does not contain the carbon atom

Question 22

functions of lipids

Answer 22

Cellular communication, long-term energy storage, insulation/protection

Question 23

difference between fibrous and globular proteins

Answer 23

fibrous: have a structural role- help maintain cell shape by providing framework, insoluble to water
ex: keratin, collagen

globular: has a functional role, soluble to water
ex: hemoglobin, insulin

Question 24

three parts of a nucleotide

Answer 24

nitrogen base (A, G, T, C), a pentose sugar, a phosphate group

Question 25

enzymes and active site

Answer 25

enzymes: catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions; speed up metabolism active site: region of an enzyme where the substrate molecules bind and undergo chemical reactions

Question 26

how are nucleic monomers held together?

Answer 26

the nitrogen bases are held together by hydrogen bonds. (Adenine and Thymine form 2 bonds; cytosine and guanine form 3 bonds) The bond between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate is a covalent bond. Nucleotides can link together by the formation of phosphate ester bonds.

Question 27

Explain 3-D structure of DNA

Answer 27

each DNA molecule is a double helix formed by the two complementary strands of nucleotides held by bonds G-C and A-T pairs

Question 28

state function of fructose, sucrose, and cellulose in plants

Answer 28

Fructose: enhances glucose metabolism sucrose: provide the energy required for physical function cellulose: keeps the structure of plant cell walls stable

Question 29

Why is water a versatile solvent?

Answer 29

Water is a versatile solvent because of its polarity, and its ability to make hydrogen bonding to the solutes. Water is very readily available, non-inflammable, it dissolves more chemicals than any other solvent. However, water only dissolves other polar molecules. It does not dissolve nonpolar molecules,

Question 30

function of glucose, lactose, glycogen

Answer 30

glucose: source of fuel lactose: breaking down complex lactose sugars into simpler sugars glycogen: to store energy in fungi and animals

Question 31

compare carbohydrates and lipid use of energy storage

Answer 31

C: short-term energy storage L: long-term energy storage