Introduction to Cells Flashcards
Outline the cell theory
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells
- Cells are the basic unit of organization of organisms
- All cells come from preexisting cells
Define a virus
a non-cellular structure consisting of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat; infects living cells
Explain the advantages of a light microscope
- Color images
- Larger field of view
- Easy to prepare samples
- Observe living material
Explain the advantages of an electron microscope
- Better resolution
- Higher magnification
- Ability to view subcellular organelles
Define organelle
specialized structure within a cell that has a specific function
What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
Unicellular: capable of carrying out all functions of life
Multicellular: differentiate to carry specialized functions by expressing only some of their genes
Draw and label a prokaryotic cell.
draw :)
state functions of prokaryotic cells
(cell wall, pili, flagella, capsule, mesosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes, naked DNA
Cell Wall - a rigid structure that helps the bacterium maintain its shape
Pili - attaches cell to surfaces
Flagella: enables movement
Capsule - the outer sticky protective layer
Mesosome - infolding of the plasma membrane to aid in compartmentalization
Cytoplasm - a gel-like liquid that fills the inside of the cell
Plasma membrane - separates the cell from the environment
Nucleoid - a region where naked DNA is found
-Ribosomes- for protein synthesis
Draw animal Cell
Draw :)
State functions of organelles in eukaryotes
(ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, and nucleus)
Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Manufactures proteins and membrane
Lysosomes - Intracellular digestion
Golgi Apparatus - modifies, stores, and routes products of the ER
Mitochondrion - transform energy from the surroundings into usable forms of energy; site for cellular respiration
Nucleus: contains most of the cell’s DNA
Description of prokaryotic cells
-do not have a membrane-bound nucleus nor membrane-bound organelles
-small single cells
-very little cellular organization
-single, cellular chromosome of naked DNA
-70s ribosomes
Description of eukaryotic cells
-have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
-plant cells, animal cells, fungal cells,
-large cells that can exist as a single cell or part of a multicellular organism
-more structure and internal organization
-80s ribosomes
What are the stages involved in the cell-division cycle?
Interphase: cell growth and DNA replication
Mitosis: division of cell nucleus; production of two daughter cells
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm
What are the events that occur during interphase?
G1 phase: cell growth and development
S phase: growth and DNA replication
G2 phase: cell growth and preparation for cell division
What occurs during the prophase?
-nucleoli disappears
-chromatins condense into chromosomes that consist of two sister chromatids joined by centromeres
-mitotic spindle forms
-centromeres move apart
What occurs during the metaphase?
-sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate in the middle of the cell
What occurs during anaphase?
-sister chromatids split apart to separate chromosomes
-kinetochores microtubules shorten
-poles of the cell move farther apart
What occurs during telophase?
-nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes
-nucleoli reappear
-chromosomes uncoil to chromatins
What are the functions of mitosis?
-reproduction: unicellular v. multicellular
-repair: replacement of dead or dying cells
-growth: allows development starting with a fertilized egg
List functions of membrane proteins
integral proteins (embedded inside the phospholipid bilayer) -serve as a transporter, carrier, protein channel
peripheral proteins (attached on the surface of bilayer)- helps form shape of membrane
List name of six organelles and their functions (animal cell)
- lysosomes: intercellular digestion and recycling
- ribosomes: protein synthesis
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: manufactures proteins and membranes.
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies, stores & routes products
- Mitochondria: provides power to the cell
- Nucleus: contains most of the cell’s DNA
List the names of eight organelles and their functions (prokaryotic cell)
- Pili: attaches cell to surfaces
- Flagellum: enables movement
- naked DNA
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosome: protein synthesis
- Mesosome
- cell wall
- plasma membrane
