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Medical Anatomy, Terminology, and Physiology > Unit 1 Checklist > Flashcards

Unit 1 Checklist Flashcards

1
Q

Define Physiology

A
  • The study of function
  • how something works
  • what something does
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2
Q

6 levels of organization of the human body in order of simple to complex

A

Join together, work together

  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organism
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3
Q

6 levels of organization of the human body in order of complex to simple

A

Join together, work together

  1. Organism
  2. Organ system
  3. Organ
  4. Tissue
  5. Cell
  6. Chemical
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4
Q

Describe chemical level of organization

A
  • All chemical substances essential for maintaining life
  • Ex. Atoms, molecules, compounds
  • 26 elements in the human body
  • 4 chemicals make up 96% of body - in order of most to least (C,H,O,N)
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5
Q

Describe cellular level of organization

A
  • Basic unit of life (structure and functions)

* Ex. Blood cell, muscle cell, cartilage cell, reproductive cells, nerve cells

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6
Q

Describe cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria takes glucose and makes it into ATP (the energy cells work on) with the help of Oxygen

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7
Q

Different tissues in Tissue level of organization

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

•Ex. Bone, Ligament, Tendon, Fat, Blood, Cartilage

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8
Q

Describe Nervous tissue function

A

Detect, assess, respond to *stimuli

*stimulus - any change in internal or external environment

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9
Q

Describe Epithelial tissue function

A
  • Linings
  • Coverings
  • Membrane
  • Gland
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10
Q

Describe Muscle tissue function

A

CONTRACT!!

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11
Q

Difference between tendon and ligament

A

*Made of same material
Tendon - muscle to bone/ muscle to muscle
Ligament - bone to bone

*connective tissue

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12
Q

Describe Connective tissue function

A

Connect
Protect
Support
Transport

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13
Q

Describe Organ level of function

A

Any structure composed of 2 or more different tissues!!

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14
Q

Describe Organism level of organization

A

All body systems are functioning properly with one another as a living individual
•Ex. Human, dog, cat, llama, elephant, etc

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15
Q

Define Anatomy

A
  • The study of the body’s form and structure – where, name, appearance
  • what something
  • where something
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16
Q

Define body plane

A

Fixed lines of reference

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17
Q

Sagittal

A

A verticals line which divides the body or structures into left and right

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18
Q

Mid-Sagittal

A

A vertical plane which divides a body or structures into EQUAL left and right halves

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19
Q

Frontal/Coronal

A

A vertical plane which divides the body or structures into anterior and posterior positions

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20
Q

Transverse/Horizontal

A

A horizontal plane which divides the body into superior and inferior sections

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21
Q

Organs in right upper quadrant

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney

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22
Q

Organs in right lower quadrant

A

Cecum
Appendix
Right ovary

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23
Q

Organs in left upper quadrant

A

Spleen
Stomach
Left kidney

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24
Q

Left lower quadrant

A

Left ovary

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25
Organs in integumentary organ level
``` Fingernails/toenails Hair Skin Sweat glands Oil glands ```
26
Function of integumentary organ system
``` Protects the body; barrier; "envelope" Excrete waste ThermoREGULATION=body temp regulation Collects stimuli Synthesizes vitamin D ```
27
Organs in skeletal organ level
Joints Bones Ligaments Cartilage
28
Function of skeletal organ system
Gives body structure, function, form Protects vital organs Hematopoiesis Levers= attachment of muscles for movement storage of mineral salts... ie calcium and phosphorus Storage of energy.. ie adipose tissue found in bone marrow
29
Organs in muscular organ system level
Skeletal muscles | Tendons
30
Function of muscular organ level of organization
``` Contraction = Movement ThermoGENESIS = Body heat production ```
31
Organs in nervous organ system
Spinal cord Nerves Eyes Brain
32
Function of nervous system
Detect, assess, and responds to stimuli | Works c the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis
33
Organs in the endocrine system
``` Parathyroid glands Thymus Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Adrenals Pancreas Testicles Ovaries Pineal gland Thyroid ```
34
Function of endocrine system
Controls and maintains The body functions through hormones | Works c the nervous system to helps maintain homeostasis
35
Organs in the cardiovascular system
Heart Capillaries Arteries Veins
36
Function of cardiovascular system
TRANSPORTATION... ie oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat, RBC's, WBC's, platelets
37
Organs in lymphatic system
``` Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Thymus Spleen Bone marrow Tonsils ```
38
Function of lymphatic system
Pathogenic defense Immune system Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels, filters it, and returns it to the blood
39
Organs in respiratory system
``` Trachea Larynx Pharynx Nose Lungs Bronchi ```
40
Function of respiratory system
Take in O2 and let's CO2 out
41
Organs in digestive system
``` Esophagus Stomach Lg intestine Rectum Sm intestine Mouth Anus Liver Teeth Salivary glands Tongue Gallbladder Pancreas ```
42
Function of digestive system
Breaks down nutrients both physically and chemically Nutrient absorption Waste elimination
43
Organs in urinary system
Ureters Urethra Kidneys Bladder
44
Function of urinary system
Keeps blood in homeostasis ie blood volume, pH, chemistry... ie electrolytes Keeps blood clean
45
Organs in reproductive system (male)
``` Seminal vesicles Scrotum Penis Ejaculation duct Prostate glands Epididymis Cowper's gland Vas deferens Urethra ```
46
Organs in reproductive system (female)
``` Uterus Fallopian tubes/ uterine tubes Vagina Labia major/minora Ovaries Breasts Clitoris Mammary glands ```
47
Define metabolism
The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body
48
Metabolism: describe anabolism
Using energy to SYNTHESIZE manufacture new tissue or molecules *bonds and stores energy within those bonds*
49
Metabolism: describe catabolism
The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures to produce or generate energy
50
Describe ingestion
Taking in of food
51
Describe digestion
Breaking down of food for utilization by the body
52
Describe absorption
Uptake of substances by cells
53
Describe assimilation
Build up of absorbed substances by the cells
54
Describe respiration
Generation of energy; O2 usually present = release of CO2
55
Describe secretion
Production and release of a useful substance by cells
56
Describe excretion
Elimination of waste products
57
Describe responsiveness
The ability to detect and respond to changes of the internal/external environment
58
Describe excitability
The ability to sense and respond to changes w/in and around us
59
Describe Conductivity
The ability of cells to carry the effect of a stimulus further
60
Describe contractility
The ability of certain cells to shorten = produce force
61
Describe growth
Increase in size
62
Describe growth : hypertrophy
Due to size of cells
63
Describe growth : hyperplasia
Due to number of cells
64
Describe differentiation
Unspecialized cells become specializes
65
Describe Reproduction
Formation of new cells = Growth, repair, replacement, new individual
66
Directional terms-- | Posterior
To the back
67
Directional terms-- | Anterior
To the front
68
Directional terms-- | Medial
Towards the middle
69
Directional terms-- | Lateral
Towards the side
70
Directional terms-- | Proximal
Closest to the trunk/ main part of the body -- limbs
71
Directional terms-- | Distal
Away from the trunk/ main part of the body -- limbs
72
Directional terms-- | Superficial
Towards the surface
73
Directional terms-- | Deep
Away from the surface
74
Directional terms-- | Superior
Above
75
Directional terms-- | Inferior
Below
76
Body cavities -- | Dorsal
On the posterior/dorsal surface of the body and surrounds the brain and spinal cord
77
Body cavities -- | Dorsal; Spinal (vertebral)
Vertebrae of the spine and surrounds the spinal cord
78
Body cavities -- | Dorsal; Cranial
The bones is the skull but not the brain itself
79
Body cavities -- | Ventral
Anterior / ventral surface of the body and contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The walls are made of skin, muscle, connective tissue, bone (for two cavities), and the serous membrane
80
Body cavities -- | Ventral; Thoracic
Portion of the ventral cavity superior to the diaphragm
81
Body cavities -- | Ventral; Thoracic; Pleural
Spaces where the lungs are
82
Body cavities -- | Ventral; Thoracic; Mediastinum
The place in the thoracic cavity that the lungs aren't | Contains: aorta, other great blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, thymus, pericardial cavity, heart
83
Body cavities -- | Ventral; Thoracic; Mediastinum; Pericardial
Only heart
84
Body cavities -- | Ventral; Abdominopelvic
Portion of the ventral cavity inferior to the diaphragm
85
Body cavities -- | Ventral; Abdominopelvic; Abdominal
1) Superior portion of the Abdominopelvic cavity, diaphragm to superior margin of the pelvic girdle 2) Contains organs known as the viscera: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, and most of the large intestines
86
Body cavities -- | Ventral; Abdominopelvic; Pelvic
1) Surrounded by the pelvic bones 2) Contains: urinary bladder, cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon, rectum, intestines, and internal male or female internal reproductive organs
87
Describe Homeostasis
State of relative balance
88
Describe stress
Any discernible change in the external or internal environment
89
Define eustress
Good stress | Exercise, twitterpation
90
Define distress
Bad stress | Pain, car accident
91
Positive feedback
``` Body responds when stimulated 3 B's •breastfeeding •blood clots •uterine contractions (birth) ```
92
Negative feedback
Reverses the affect of a change to help maintain homeostasis (Makes less or more of what was made)
93
3 components of feedback mechanism
1) receptor -- detect (eyes, nerves) 2) control center -- assess (brain + spinal cord) 3) effector -- respond to stimuli

Medical Anatomy, Terminology, and Physiology (9 decks)

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