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Medical Anatomy, Terminology, and Physiology > Unit 1 Checklist > Flashcards

Unit 1 Checklist Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define Physiology

A
  • The study of function
  • how something works
  • what something does
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2
Q

6 levels of organization of the human body in order of simple to complex

A

Join together, work together

  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organism
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3
Q

6 levels of organization of the human body in order of complex to simple

A

Join together, work together

  1. Organism
  2. Organ system
  3. Organ
  4. Tissue
  5. Cell
  6. Chemical
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4
Q

Describe chemical level of organization

A
  • All chemical substances essential for maintaining life
  • Ex. Atoms, molecules, compounds
  • 26 elements in the human body
  • 4 chemicals make up 96% of body - in order of most to least (C,H,O,N)
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5
Q

Describe cellular level of organization

A
  • Basic unit of life (structure and functions)

* Ex. Blood cell, muscle cell, cartilage cell, reproductive cells, nerve cells

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6
Q

Describe cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria takes glucose and makes it into ATP (the energy cells work on) with the help of Oxygen

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7
Q

Different tissues in Tissue level of organization

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

•Ex. Bone, Ligament, Tendon, Fat, Blood, Cartilage

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8
Q

Describe Nervous tissue function

A

Detect, assess, respond to *stimuli

*stimulus - any change in internal or external environment

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9
Q

Describe Epithelial tissue function

A
  • Linings
  • Coverings
  • Membrane
  • Gland
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10
Q

Describe Muscle tissue function

A

CONTRACT!!

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11
Q

Difference between tendon and ligament

A

*Made of same material
Tendon - muscle to bone/ muscle to muscle
Ligament - bone to bone

*connective tissue

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12
Q

Describe Connective tissue function

A

Connect
Protect
Support
Transport

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13
Q

Describe Organ level of function

A

Any structure composed of 2 or more different tissues!!

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14
Q

Describe Organism level of organization

A

All body systems are functioning properly with one another as a living individual
•Ex. Human, dog, cat, llama, elephant, etc

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15
Q

Define Anatomy

A
  • The study of the body’s form and structure – where, name, appearance
  • what something
  • where something
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16
Q

Define body plane

A

Fixed lines of reference

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17
Q

Sagittal

A

A verticals line which divides the body or structures into left and right

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18
Q

Mid-Sagittal

A

A vertical plane which divides a body or structures into EQUAL left and right halves

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19
Q

Frontal/Coronal

A

A vertical plane which divides the body or structures into anterior and posterior positions

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20
Q

Transverse/Horizontal

A

A horizontal plane which divides the body into superior and inferior sections

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21
Q

Organs in right upper quadrant

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney

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22
Q

Organs in right lower quadrant

A

Cecum
Appendix
Right ovary

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23
Q

Organs in left upper quadrant

A

Spleen
Stomach
Left kidney

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24
Q

Left lower quadrant

A

Left ovary

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25
Q

Organs in integumentary organ level

A 
Fingernails/toenails
Hair
Skin
Sweat glands
Oil glands
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26
Q

Function of integumentary organ system

A 
Protects the body; barrier; "envelope"
Excrete waste
ThermoREGULATION=body temp regulation
Collects stimuli
Synthesizes vitamin D
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27
Q

Organs in skeletal organ level

A

Joints
Bones
Ligaments
Cartilage

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28
Q

Function of skeletal organ system

A

Gives body structure, function, form
Protects vital organs
Hematopoiesis
Levers= attachment of muscles for movement
storage of mineral salts… ie calcium and phosphorus
Storage of energy.. ie adipose tissue found in bone marrow

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29
Q

Organs in muscular organ system level

A

Skeletal muscles

Tendons

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30
Q

Function of muscular organ level of organization

A 
Contraction = Movement
ThermoGENESIS = Body heat production
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31
Q

Organs in nervous organ system

A

Spinal cord
Nerves
Eyes
Brain

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32
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Detect, assess, and responds to stimuli

Works c the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis

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33
Q

Organs in the endocrine system

A 
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Testicles
Ovaries
Pineal gland
Thyroid
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34
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

Controls and maintains The body functions through hormones

Works c the nervous system to helps maintain homeostasis

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35
Q

Organs in the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Capillaries
Arteries
Veins

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36
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A

TRANSPORTATION… ie oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat, RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets

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37
Q

Organs in lymphatic system

A 
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Bone marrow
Tonsils
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38
Q

Function of lymphatic system

A

Pathogenic defense
Immune system
Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels, filters it, and returns it to the blood

39
Q

Organs in respiratory system

A 
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx
Nose
Lungs
Bronchi
40
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

Take in O2 and let’s CO2 out

41
Q

Organs in digestive system

A 
Esophagus
Stomach
Lg intestine
Rectum
Sm intestine 
Mouth
Anus
Liver
Teeth
Salivary glands
Tongue 
Gallbladder
Pancreas
42
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Breaks down nutrients both physically and chemically
Nutrient absorption
Waste elimination

43
Q

Organs in urinary system

A

Ureters
Urethra
Kidneys
Bladder

44
Q

Function of urinary system

A

Keeps blood in homeostasis
ie blood volume, pH, chemistry… ie electrolytes
Keeps blood clean

45
Q

Organs in reproductive system (male)

A 
Seminal vesicles
Scrotum
Penis
Ejaculation duct
Prostate glands
Epididymis 
Cowper's gland 
Vas deferens 
 Urethra
46
Q

Organs in reproductive system (female)

A 
Uterus 
Fallopian tubes/ uterine tubes
Vagina
Labia major/minora 
Ovaries
Breasts 
Clitoris 
Mammary glands
47
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body

48
Q

Metabolism: describe anabolism

A

Using energy to SYNTHESIZE manufacture new tissue or molecules
bonds and stores energy within those bonds

49
Q

Metabolism: describe catabolism

A

The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures to produce or generate energy

50
Q

Describe ingestion

A

Taking in of food

51
Q

Describe digestion

A

Breaking down of food for utilization by the body

52
Q

Describe absorption

A

Uptake of substances by cells

53
Q

Describe assimilation

A

Build up of absorbed substances by the cells

54
Q

Describe respiration

A

Generation of energy; O2 usually present = release of CO2

55
Q

Describe secretion

A

Production and release of a useful substance by cells

56
Q

Describe excretion

A

Elimination of waste products

57
Q

Describe responsiveness

A

The ability to detect and respond to changes of the internal/external environment

58
Q

Describe excitability

A

The ability to sense and respond to changes w/in and around us

59
Q

Describe Conductivity

A

The ability of cells to carry the effect of a stimulus further

60
Q

Describe contractility

A

The ability of certain cells to shorten

produce force

61
Q

Describe growth

A

Increase in size

62
Q

Describe growth : hypertrophy

A

Due to size of cells

63
Q

Describe growth : hyperplasia

A

Due to number of cells

64
Q

Describe differentiation

A

Unspecialized cells become specializes

65
Q

Describe Reproduction

A

Formation of new cells

Growth, repair, replacement, new individual

66
Q

Directional terms–

Posterior

A

To the back

67
Q

Directional terms–

Anterior

A

To the front

68
Q

Directional terms–

Medial

A

Towards the middle

69
Q

Directional terms–

Lateral

A

Towards the side

70
Q

Directional terms–

Proximal

A

Closest to the trunk/ main part of the body – limbs

71
Q

Directional terms–

Distal

A

Away from the trunk/ main part of the body – limbs

72
Q

Directional terms–

Superficial

A

Towards the surface

73
Q

Directional terms–

Deep

A

Away from the surface

74
Q

Directional terms–

Superior

A

Above

75
Q

Directional terms–

Inferior

A

Below

76
Q

Body cavities –

Dorsal

A

On the posterior/dorsal surface of the body and surrounds the brain and spinal cord

77
Q

Body cavities –

Dorsal; Spinal (vertebral)

A

Vertebrae of the spine and surrounds the spinal cord

78
Q

Body cavities –

Dorsal; Cranial

A

The bones is the skull but not the brain itself

79
Q

Body cavities –

Ventral

A

Anterior / ventral surface of the body and contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The walls are made of skin, muscle, connective tissue, bone (for two cavities), and the serous membrane

80
Q

Body cavities –

Ventral; Thoracic

A

Portion of the ventral cavity superior to the diaphragm

81
Q

Body cavities –

Ventral; Thoracic; Pleural

A

Spaces where the lungs are

82
Q

Body cavities –

Ventral; Thoracic; Mediastinum

A

The place in the thoracic cavity that the lungs aren’t

Contains: aorta, other great blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, thymus, pericardial cavity, heart

83
Q

Body cavities –

Ventral; Thoracic; Mediastinum; Pericardial

A

Only heart

84
Q

Body cavities –

Ventral; Abdominopelvic

A

Portion of the ventral cavity inferior to the diaphragm

85
Q

Body cavities –

Ventral; Abdominopelvic; Abdominal

A

1) Superior portion of the Abdominopelvic cavity, diaphragm to superior margin of the pelvic girdle
2) Contains organs known as the viscera: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, and most of the large intestines

86
Q

Body cavities –

Ventral; Abdominopelvic; Pelvic

A

1) Surrounded by the pelvic bones
2) Contains: urinary bladder, cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon, rectum, intestines, and internal male or female internal reproductive organs

87
Q

Describe Homeostasis

A

State of relative balance

88
Q

Describe stress

A

Any discernible change in the external or internal environment

89
Q

Define eustress

A

Good stress

Exercise, twitterpation

90
Q

Define distress

A

Bad stress

Pain, car accident

91
Q

Positive feedback

A 
Body responds when stimulated
3 B's 
•breastfeeding 
•blood clots 
•uterine contractions (birth)
92
Q

Negative feedback

A

Reverses the affect of a change to help maintain homeostasis
(Makes less or more of what was made)

93
Q

3 components of feedback mechanism

A

1) receptor – detect (eyes, nerves)
2) control center – assess (brain + spinal cord)
3) effector – respond to stimuli

Medical Anatomy, Terminology, and Physiology (9 decks)

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