Unit 1: Chapters 1-4 Flashcards by Aaliyah Williams

Density equation

D= m/v

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Specific gravity equation

Units?

S.G. = Dsolute/DH2O

NO UNITS

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High specific gravity has large quantities of proteins in (solutes/solvent-water) than (solutes/solvent-water)

in solutes-salts/sugar/proteins than solvent-water

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Low specific gravity has much more (solutes/solvent-water) than (solutes/solvent-water)

much more solvent-water than solutes-salts/sugar/proteins

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Low specific gravity is close to __’s density

water’s density

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Elements are __ substances

pure substances

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Compounds are __ substances

pure substances

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Mixtures are a __ combination

physical combination

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Homogeneous mixtures are

mixed so well you CANNOT distinguish the different components visually

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In heterogeneous mixtures you (can/can’t) …

you CAN distinguish the components but may need a microscope

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Heterogeneous mixture examples

blood, milk

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Physical properties are

properties that can be observed WITHOUT changing the identity of the substance under observation

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Physical property examples

temp at which a substance changes state (boiled water is still water), size, malleability, conductivity, density, etc.

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Chemical properties can only be observed…

DURING a change in the identity of the substance under observation

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Chemical property examples

a chemical might be corrosive, combustible, explosive, etc.

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Physical change is

a process that does NOT change the identity of the substance under observation (just a change in physical state)

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Physical change examples

melting, boiling, grinding, etc.

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Chemical change is

a process that DOES change the identity of the substance under observation

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The formation of a new compound in chemical changes are also called

Reactions

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Chemical change examples

rusting, tarnishing, burning, etc.

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Temperature equation for ℃ and ℉

5F= 9C+160

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Temperature equation(s) for ℃ and K

K-273= C
C+273= K

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Absolute zero= _ K

K (is/isn’t equal to) negative values

Absolute zero= 0 K

K ≠ negative values

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Specific heat definition

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1℃

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Specific heat equation (written)

Specific heat = amount of heat energy/mass × change in temp

Specific heat equation (with coefficients)

Cp = Q/m • ∆T ``` Q = m•Cp•∆T ∆T= Tfinal - Tinitial ```

``` Specific heat coefficients: Cp= Q= m= ∆T= ```

``` Cp= specific heat Q= amount of heat m= mass ∆T= change in temp ```

Specific heat units

J/g • ℃ or cal/g • ℃

Specific heat units of water

4.184 × J/g • ℃ = 1.0cal/g • ℃

Heat energy units

joule (J) and calorie (cal)

1 cal = _ J (exact)

1 cal = 4.184 J

Conductors are (metals/nonmetals)

Conductors are metals

Conductors have (high/low) specific heat

Conductors have LOW specific heat

Non-conductors are (metals/nonmetals)

Non-conductors are nonmetals

Non-conductors have (high/low) specific heat

Non-conductors have HIGH specific heat

To “burn calories” food is burned in a __ to determine their __

burned in a calorimeter to determine their energy values

Burned calorie units

kJ/g or kcal/g

Energy values for foods? (3)

kilocalories, kilojoules, and Calorie

kilocalories = kilojoules = Calorie=

kilocalories = g • kcal/g kilojoules = g • kJ/g Calorie= kcal

1 Cal = _ kcal = _ cal

1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 cal

1 Cal = _ kJ = _ J

1 Cal = 4.184 kJ = 4184 J

Energy values for Carbohydrates: _ kcal/g and _ kJ/g

4 kcal/g and 17 kJ/g

Energy values for Fats: _ kcal/g and _ kJ/g

9 kcal/g and 38 kJ/g

Energy values for Proteins: _ kcal/g and _ kJ/g

4 kcal/g and 17 kJ/g

Properties of metals: - (Physical state) at room temperature (except __) - Highly _ - Malleable? (can be beaten into sheet/foil) - Ductile? (can be drawn into wire) - Most have (high/low) densities and melting points - Tend to (gain/lose) electrons and form (positive/negative) ions

- Solid at room temperature (except Mercury) - Highly lustrous/shiny - Malleable, yes - Ductile, yes - Most have high densities and melting points - Tend to lose electrons and form positive ions

Properties of nonmetals: - (Physical state) with relatively (high/low) melting/boiling points - Many properties are _ of metals (examples?) - Tend to (gain/lose) electrons and form (positive/negative) ions

- S, L, or G with relatively low melting/boiling points (compared to metals) - opposite of metals (e.g. brittle, dull, insulating (non-conductive) - Tend to gain electrons and form negative ions

Properties of metalloids: (6 total) Are _ compared to metals and nonmetals and are are also called _

in between metals and nonmetals “semiconductors”

Location of: protons, neutrons and electrons in atom composition

Proton- Nucleus Neutron- Nucleus Electron- Electron Cloud

Atomic radius is

a length equal to half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms

Ionic radius is

the distance from the nucleus to the outermost e- of an ion | Atomic/ionic radii

Cation is a positively charged ion of a metal | Cations are much (smaller/larger)

positively charged ion of a metal | Cations are much smaller

Anion is a negatively charged ion | Anions are somewhat (smaller/larger)

Anion is a negatively charged ion | Anions are somewhat larger

For ions in the same period (row): More positive = (smaller/larger)

More positive = smaller

For ions in the same period (row): More negative = (smaller/larger)

More negative = larger

Biological Roles of K+ (4)

- Membrane transport - Neurotransmission - Muscle contraction - Heart function

In the body Thallium (I) can...

pretend to be K+ but reacts differently, so you will die quickly and painfully

``` Ionic compounds are __ + __ and you (do/don't) reduce to lowest ratio ```

METAL + NONMETAL | REDUCE to lowest ratio

Ionic bonding is

the attraction between positive and negative ions in an ionic compound

``` Covalent molecules are __ + __ and you (do/don't) reduce to lowest ratio ```

NONMETAL + NONMETAL | DO NOT reduce

Covalent bonding

holds the shared atoms together and forms a molecule

***Valence electron is | felt smart, might delete later

an electron in an outer shell of an atom that can be lost to or shared with another atom to form a molecule

In naming Ionic Compounds, if the first atom is orange = formula unit Indicate charge with a Roman numeral?

Metal only has one possible ion so no need to indicate charge with a Roman numeral

Examples of ionic compounds with orange atom first NOTICE: - Types of elements (__ + __) - (Is/is not) reduced to lowest ratio - Roman numeral (is/is not) used

Al2Se3, ammonium chloride, K(PO4), SrCl2 NOTICE: metal + nonmetal reduced to lowest ratio Roman numeral is NOT used

In naming Ionic Compounds, if the first atom is green = formula unit Indicate charge with a Roman numeral?

Metal has many possible ionic charges, use Roman numerals

Examples of ionic compounds with green atom first NOTICE: - Types of elements (__ + __) - (Is/is not) reduced to lowest ratio - Roman numeral (is/is not) used

Cr(PO4)2, Cobalt (II) carbonate, Lead (II) arsenide, Mn(SO4)7 NOTICE: metal + nonmetal reduced to lowest ratio Roman numeral IS used

In naming Molecular Compounds, if the first atom is pink = formula unit Name the compound with __ that refer to the __ (Do/don't) reduce the subscripts

Name the compound with prefixes that refer to the subscripts | DO NOT reduce the subscripts

Examples of molecular compounds with pink atom first NOTICE: - Types of elements (__ + __) - Subscripts (are/are not) reduced to lowest ratio - Roman numeral (is/is not) used

SeF6, Sulfur monoxide, N2O4, ClF3, Triboron silicide NOTICE: nonmetal + nonmetal subscripts are NOT reduced Roman numeral is NOT used

``` Prefixes for Molecular Compounds: 1. (remember) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Remember overall: (a's and o's) ```

``` mono- (not used on 1st element in a molecule) di- tri- tetr(a)- pent(a)- hex(a)- hept(a)- oct(a)- non(a)- dec(a)- Remember: ;eave the “a” off it it’s followed by an “o” or “a” ```

Writing Molecular Chemical Formulas: Covalent molecules are composed of __, not ions. To write the molecular formula you need to know

Composed of neutral atoms, not ions. The name of the molecule

***Empirical formulas

Empirical formulas  **Need to know element symbols and polyatomic ion/acid formulas**

***Empirical formulas | felt smart, might delete later

Empirical formulas  **Need to know element symbols and polyatomic ion/acid formulas**

Metalloid acronym

``` (B) Be (Si) So (Ge) Great (As) Assholes (Sb) Stay (Te) Troubled ```

Metalloids (6 total)

``` boron (B) silicon (Si) germanium (Ge) arsenic (As) antimony (Sb) tellurium (Te) ```