Unit 1: Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Density equation
D= m/v
Specific gravity equation
Units?
S.G. = Dsolute/DH2O
NO UNITS
High specific gravity has large quantities of proteins in (solutes/solvent-water) than (solutes/solvent-water)
in solutes-salts/sugar/proteins than solvent-water
Low specific gravity has much more (solutes/solvent-water) than (solutes/solvent-water)
much more solvent-water than solutes-salts/sugar/proteins
Low specific gravity is close to __’s density
water’s density
Elements are __ substances
pure substances
Compounds are __ substances
pure substances
Mixtures are a __ combination
physical combination
Homogeneous mixtures are
mixed so well you CANNOT distinguish the different components visually
In heterogeneous mixtures you (can/can’t) …
you CAN distinguish the components but may need a microscope
Heterogeneous mixture examples
blood, milk
Physical properties are
properties that can be observed WITHOUT changing the identity of the substance under observation
Physical property examples
temp at which a substance changes state (boiled water is still water), size, malleability, conductivity, density, etc.
Chemical properties can only be observed…
DURING a change in the identity of the substance under observation
Chemical property examples
a chemical might be corrosive, combustible, explosive, etc.
Physical change is
a process that does NOT change the identity of the substance under observation (just a change in physical state)
Physical change examples
melting, boiling, grinding, etc.
Chemical change is
a process that DOES change the identity of the substance under observation
The formation of a new compound in chemical changes are also called
Reactions
Chemical change examples
rusting, tarnishing, burning, etc.
Temperature equation for ℃ and ℉
5F= 9C+160
Temperature equation(s) for ℃ and K
K-273= C C+273= K
Absolute zero= _ K
K (is/isn’t equal to) negative values
Absolute zero= 0 K
K ≠ negative values
Specific heat definition
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1℃
Specific heat equation (written)
Specific heat = amount of heat energy/mass × change in temp
Specific heat equation (with coefficients)
Cp = Q/m • ∆T
Q = m•Cp•∆T ∆T= Tfinal - Tinitial
Specific heat coefficients: Cp= Q= m= ∆T=
Cp= specific heat Q= amount of heat m= mass ∆T= change in temp
Specific heat units
J/g • ℃ or cal/g • ℃
Specific heat units of water
4.184 × J/g • ℃ = 1.0cal/g • ℃
Heat energy units
joule (J) and calorie (cal)
1 cal = _ J (exact)
1 cal = 4.184 J
Conductors are (metals/nonmetals)
Conductors are metals
Conductors have (high/low) specific heat
Conductors have LOW specific heat
Non-conductors are (metals/nonmetals)
Non-conductors are nonmetals
Non-conductors have (high/low) specific heat
Non-conductors have HIGH specific heat
To “burn calories” food is burned in a __ to determine their __
burned in a calorimeter to determine their energy values
Burned calorie units
kJ/g or kcal/g
Energy values for foods? (3)
kilocalories, kilojoules, and Calorie
kilocalories =
kilojoules =
Calorie=
kilocalories = g • kcal/g kilojoules = g • kJ/g Calorie= kcal
1 Cal = _ kcal = _ cal
1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 cal
1 Cal = _ kJ = _ J
1 Cal = 4.184 kJ = 4184 J
Energy values for Carbohydrates: _ kcal/g and _ kJ/g
4 kcal/g and 17 kJ/g
Energy values for Fats: _ kcal/g and _ kJ/g
9 kcal/g and 38 kJ/g
Energy values for Proteins: _ kcal/g and _ kJ/g
4 kcal/g and 17 kJ/g
Properties of metals:
- (Physical state) at room temperature (except __)
- Highly _
- Malleable? (can be beaten into sheet/foil)
- Ductile? (can be drawn into wire)
- Most have (high/low) densities and melting points
- Tend to (gain/lose) electrons and form (positive/negative) ions
- Solid at room temperature (except Mercury)
- Highly lustrous/shiny
- Malleable, yes
- Ductile, yes
- Most have high densities and melting points
- Tend to lose electrons and form positive ions
Properties of nonmetals:
- (Physical state) with relatively (high/low) melting/boiling points
- Many properties are _ of metals (examples?)
- Tend to (gain/lose) electrons and form (positive/negative) ions
- S, L, or G with relatively low melting/boiling points (compared to metals)
- opposite of metals (e.g. brittle, dull, insulating (non-conductive)
- Tend to gain electrons and form negative ions
Properties of metalloids: (6 total)
Are _ compared to metals and nonmetals
and are are also called _
in between metals and nonmetals
“semiconductors”
Location of: protons, neutrons and electrons in atom composition
Proton- Nucleus
Neutron- Nucleus
Electron- Electron Cloud
Atomic radius is
a length equal to half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms
Ionic radius is
the distance from the nucleus to the outermost e- of an ion
Atomic/ionic radii
Cation is a positively charged ion of a metal
Cations are much (smaller/larger)
positively charged ion of a metal
Cations are much smaller
Anion is a negatively charged ion
Anions are somewhat (smaller/larger)
Anion is a negatively charged ion
Anions are somewhat larger
For ions in the same period (row): More positive = (smaller/larger)
More positive = smaller
For ions in the same period (row): More negative = (smaller/larger)
More negative = larger
Biological Roles of K+ (4)
- Membrane transport
- Neurotransmission
- Muscle contraction
- Heart function
In the body Thallium (I) can…
pretend to be K+ but reacts differently, so you will die quickly and painfully
Ionic compounds are \_\_ + \_\_ and you (do/don't) reduce to lowest ratio
METAL + NONMETAL
REDUCE to lowest ratio
Ionic bonding is
the attraction between positive and negative ions in an ionic compound
Covalent molecules are \_\_ + \_\_ and you (do/don't) reduce to lowest ratio
NONMETAL + NONMETAL
DO NOT reduce
Covalent bonding
holds the shared atoms together and forms a molecule
***Valence electron is
felt smart, might delete later
an electron in an outer shell of an atom that can be lost to or shared with another atom to form a molecule
In naming Ionic Compounds, if the first atom is orange = formula unit
Indicate charge with a Roman numeral?
Metal only has one possible ion so no need to indicate charge with a Roman numeral
Examples of ionic compounds with orange atom first
NOTICE:
- Types of elements (__ + __)
- (Is/is not) reduced to lowest ratio
- Roman numeral (is/is not) used
Al2Se3, ammonium chloride, K(PO4), SrCl2
NOTICE:
metal + nonmetal
reduced to lowest ratio
Roman numeral is NOT used
In naming Ionic Compounds, if the first atom is green = formula unit
Indicate charge with a Roman numeral?
Metal has many possible ionic charges, use Roman numerals
Examples of ionic compounds with green atom first
NOTICE:
- Types of elements (__ + __)
- (Is/is not) reduced to lowest ratio
- Roman numeral (is/is not) used
Cr(PO4)2, Cobalt (II) carbonate, Lead (II) arsenide, Mn(SO4)7
NOTICE:
metal + nonmetal
reduced to lowest ratio
Roman numeral IS used
In naming Molecular Compounds, if the first atom is pink = formula unit
Name the compound with __ that refer to the __
(Do/don’t) reduce the subscripts
Name the compound with prefixes that refer to the subscripts
DO NOT reduce the subscripts
Examples of molecular compounds with pink atom first
NOTICE:
- Types of elements (__ + __)
- Subscripts (are/are not) reduced to lowest ratio
- Roman numeral (is/is not) used
SeF6, Sulfur monoxide, N2O4, ClF3, Triboron silicide
NOTICE:
nonmetal + nonmetal
subscripts are NOT reduced
Roman numeral is NOT used
Prefixes for Molecular Compounds: 1. (remember) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Remember overall: (a's and o's)
mono- (not used on 1st element in a molecule) di- tri- tetr(a)- pent(a)- hex(a)- hept(a)- oct(a)- non(a)- dec(a)- Remember: ;eave the “a” off it it’s followed by an “o” or “a”
Writing Molecular Chemical Formulas:
Covalent molecules are composed of __, not ions.
To write the molecular formula you need to know
Composed of neutral atoms, not ions.
The name of the molecule
***Empirical formulas
Empirical formulas Need to know element symbols and polyatomic ion/acid formulas
***Empirical formulas
felt smart, might delete later
Empirical formulas Need to know element symbols and polyatomic ion/acid formulas
Metalloid acronym
(B) Be (Si) So (Ge) Great (As) Assholes (Sb) Stay (Te) Troubled
Metalloids (6 total)
boron (B) silicon (Si) germanium (Ge) arsenic (As) antimony (Sb) tellurium (Te)
