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Biology 1010-01 > Unit 1: Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A
  1. Cation is positively charged and anions are negative

2. Cation releases an electron and anion gains an electron

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2
Q

Are cations more stable than anions?

A
  1. The only thing that changes is the electrons

2. It can be just as stable as an anion, because they are just getting to that state of gas.

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3
Q

What is electronegativity in your own words?

A
  1. The pull that an atom has on a shared electron.
  2. The tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons.
  3. Remember, bullies are negative (most negative N, O, F)
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4
Q

What is the difference between an ion and an isotope?

A
  1. Ions count for electrons

2. Isotopes count for neutrons.

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5
Q

Why do Hydrogen bonds form in water?

A
  1. Because it is the electronegatively in the partial charges.
  2. Hydrogen bonds form in water because oxygen is more electro. then hydrogen.
  3. The hydrogen bonds for because of the partial pulls
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6
Q

Are electrons shared in an ionic bond? What about covalent bonds?

A

Covalent bonds share but ionic don’t.

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7
Q

Define acids

A

Proton donor
pH 0-6.9
Gives off an H+ which means when you look at it on a molecule it will have a - by the element

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8
Q

Define CHNOPS

A

Key element of life. CHNO makes up 96% of all mater in organisms.

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9
Q

Define Ion

A

Charged form of an atom

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10
Q

Define Neutrons

A

Uncharged particles in the nucleus
ATOMIC MASS
If the number changes it is an isotope

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11
Q

Define Cohesion

A

The tendency of like molecule to cling together

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12
Q

Define Hydrogen bonds

A

A weak interaction caused by the attraction of particle positive (h) and partial negative (N or O)

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13
Q

Define Covalent bonds

A

A bond where atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

VERY STRONG

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14
Q

Define Valence electrons

A

The electrons that are found in the outermost shell.

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15
Q

Define carboxyl group and draw

A

COOH

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16
Q

Define unpaired valence electrons

A

Individual atoms will interact with one another in an attempt to fill outer shell.

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17
Q

Define anion

A

Negatively charged atom

Ex. Cl-

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18
Q

Define electrons

A

Charged particles orbiting around the nucleus

If the number changes it is an ion

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19
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

water fearing
Not able to interact with H-bonds
Mon-polar

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20
Q

Define proton

A

Charged particle in the nucleus
ATOMIC #
If the number changes it in a different element

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21
Q

Define reactant

A

Reactant is what is being added.

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22
Q

Define atomic number

A

The bottom number

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23
Q

Define non-polar covalent bond

A

Equal sharing of electrons

Typically only contains C and H

24
Q

Define sulfhydryl group

A

SH

in 1 amino acid

25
Q

Define carbonyl group and draw

A

C=O

26
Q

Define organic molecule

A

Carbon is bound to other carbons

27
Q

Define Atom

A

A single or smallest unit of an element

28
Q

Define Electronegativity

A

The relative pull that an atom has on shared electrons.

29
Q

Define octet rule

A

Electron shells have to have 8 electrons.

C, N, H

30
Q

Define product

A

What comes out of the reaction.

31
Q

Define base

A

Proton acceptor
Release of OH-
pH 7.1-14
When seeing it on a molecule it will have a + next to the element.

32
Q

Define element

A

A chemical reaction on the periodic table.

33
Q

Define orbital

A

grouped into stratified electron shells

34
Q

Define atomic nucleus

A

???

35
Q

Define electron shell

A

The shells that surround the nucleus.

36
Q

Define polar covalent bond

A

It has poles
unequal sharing of electrons
Typically contains O,N, or S bound to C or H

37
Q

Define hydroxyl group and draw

A

OH

Carbohydrates, N.A.

38
Q

Define phosphate group and draw

A

PO4(2-)

39
Q

Define cation

A

Positively charged atom

Ex. Mg2+

40
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

Water loving
Like dissolves like
Polar
It likes to break down things

41
Q

Define molecule

A

Is a croup of elements put together

42
Q

Define adehesion

A

The tendency of dissimilar molecules to cling together due to attractive forces.

43
Q

Define atomic mass

A

The top #

44
Q

Define valence shell

A

Outermost shell

45
Q

Define amino group and draw

A

NH2

46
Q

True or False.

Both hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds occur via the attraction of opposite charges

A

True

47
Q

What is the name of the functional group on methanol that makes it different than methane?

A

R Group

48
Q

CH4 and CH3OH and describe if they are non, polar, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, acidic, or basic.

A

CH4 is non-polar, hydrophobic and CH3OH is polar and hydrophilic

49
Q

An ionic occurs via the attraction of…

A

cations and anions come together.

50
Q

A hydrogen bond occurs via the attraction of..

A

electronegative atom

51
Q

Draw a hydrogen bond and how many bonds it can have

A

4

52
Q 
Rank the following elements from most electronegative to least.
Carbon
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
A
  1. Oxygen 6/8
  2. Phosphorus 5/8
  3. Nitrogen 5/8
  4. Carbon 4/8
  5. Hydrogen 1/2
53
Q

State whether polar or non.

  1. Carbon-Carbon
  2. Oxygen-Hydrogen
  3. Nitrogen-Carbon
  4. Nitrogen-Hydrogen
  5. Carbon-Hydrogen
  6. Carbon-Oxygen
  7. Nitrogen-Nitrogen
A
  1. Non
  2. Polar
  4. Polar
  5. Non
  6. Polar
    7.
54
Q

Understand the locations on the PH Scale

A

Location of pure water

Regions of acidic and basic

55
Q

Would you expect bicarbonate to need assistance to be soluble in our blood?

A

yes.

56
Q

Define Isoptope

A

Same element different mass

Ex: C14, C12, or P31, P32

57
Q

Draw all of the important Functional groups and what they are.

A 
Amino group
Carboxyl
Carbonyl
Hydroxyl
Phosphate
Sulfhydryl

Biology 1010-01 (4 decks)

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