Unit #1 - Chapter #2

Question 1

Define: Active Reason

Answer 1

Aristotle - the faculty of the soul that searches for the essences or abstract concepts that manifest themselves in the empirical world.

Question 2

Define: Allegory of the Cave

Answer 2

Plato - Description of individuals who live their lives in accordance with the shadows of reality provided by sensory experience instead of in accordance with the true reality beyond sensory experience.

Question 3

Common Sense

Answer 3

Aristotle - Located in the heart, synthesizes the information provided by the five senses.

Question 4

Efficient Cause

Answer 4

Aristotle - force that transforms a thing.

Question 5

Entelechy

Answer 5

Aristotle - Purpose for which a thing exists, which remains a potential until actualized.

Question 6

Final Cause
Formal Cause

Answer 6

Aristotle - The purpose for which a thing exists.
The form of a thing.

Question 7

Forms

Answer 7

Plato - The pure and abstract realities that are unchanging and timeless and therefore knowable.

Question 8

Golden Mean

Answer 8

The rule Aristotle suggested people follow to avoid excesses and to live a life of moderation.

Question 9

Law of contiguity

Answer 9

A thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of things that are usually experienced along with it.

Question 10

Law of Contrast

Answer 10

A thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of opposite things.

Question 11

Law of Frequency

Answer 11

More often events are experienced together, the stronger they become associated in memory.

Question 12

Law of similarity

Answer 12

Thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of similar things.

Question 13

Law of association

Answer 13

Laws thought responsible for holding mental events together in memory.

Question 14

Rational Soul

Answer 14

Aristotle - The soul possessed only by humans.

Question 15

Reminiscence Theory of Knowledge

Answer 15

Plato - Belief that knowledge is attained by remembering the experiences the soul had when it dwelled among the forms before entering the body.

Question 16

Theory of Forms

Answer 16

Plato - Contention that ultimate reality consists of abstract ideas or forms that correspond to all objects in the empirical world.

Question 17

What does Hume refer to knowledge that exists by definition, such as mathematical knowledge

Answer 17

Demonstrative Knowledge

Question 18

What metaphor did French sensationalists describe humans as?

Answer 18

Humans as machines

Question 19

What was Hobbes’s approach to studying humans?

Answer 19

Deductive

Question 20

What is Hobbes defined as?

Answer 20

Physical Monist

Question 21

What did Hume believe the mind was?

Answer 21

Perceptions that a person was having at any given moment.

Question 22

What was Locke’s major argument against the existence of innate ideas?

Answer 22

If ideas were innate, all humans would have them, and they do not.

Question 23

What is true about Comte’s proposed utopian society?

Answer 23

Humanity replaces God, scientists and philosophers replace priests, and it relied heavily on the natural selflessness and moral resolution of woman.

Question 24

What did Kant believe categories of thoughts to be?

Answer 24

Innate

Question 25

What is Pantheism

Answer 25

The belief that god is everywhere and in everything.

Question 26

What did Spinoza view the mind and body as?

Answer 26

Inseparable.

Question 27

What did Kant believe about Psychology?

Answer 27

Psychology could not become an experimental science.

Question 28

According to Spinoza…

Answer 28

Behavior and thoughts guided by reason were conducive to survival, but behavior and thoughts guided by passion were not.

Question 29

What characterizes Rousseau’s utopian society?

Answer 29

The surrender of the individual will to the general will.

Question 30

Who made the statement “Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains”?

Answer 30

Rousseau

Question 31

What did Rousseau believe about education?

Answer 31

It should stimulate the development of a child’s natural impulses.

Question 32

What does the religious stage consist of according to Kierkegaard?

Answer 32

People recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God.

Question 33

What did Johann Wolfgang van Goethe think about the role of opposite forces?

Answer 33

In life there are opposite forces like good and evil, love and hate, life and death. He believed that the goal of life should be to embrace these forces. That even the more negative sides of human nature provide opportunities for growth.

Question 34

What did Goethe believe about Phenomenology?

Answer 34

Described as the thought and meaningful experiences should be studied, rather than meaningless experiences. Color-Contrast study.

Question 35

How did Goethe impact Psychology?

Answer 35

Brought in German philosophical writing into psychology, and strongly influenced Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud.

Question 36

Hartley’s Goal as a Philosopher

Answer 36

Based off of Newton’s findings in the brain and vibrating pathways. Wanted to synthesize Newton’s ideas about nerve transmission by vibration with previous empiricism.

Question 37

What was Hartley’s account of association?

Answer 37

Vibratiuncles which are similar to brain vibrations associated with sensations, except they are not as strong. Believed that experiences occurring together are packaged together in the brain. Successive experiences which follow each other, and simultaneous which occur at the same time.

Question 38

What did Hartley believe about ideas?

Answer 38

Complex ideas are formed from simple ideas by one reflecting.

Question 39

Three types of souls according to Aristotle?

Answer 39

Vegetative Soul: possessed by plants. Only allows growth, the assimilation of food, and reproduction.
Sensitive Soul: Possessed by animals, not plants. In addition to the vegetative functions, they experience pleasure and pain, and have a memory.
Rational Soul: Humans. All functions of the other souls but includes rational thoughts.