Unit #1 - Chapter #2 Flashcards
Define: Active Reason
Aristotle - the faculty of the soul that searches for the essences or abstract concepts that manifest themselves in the empirical world.
Define: Allegory of the Cave
Plato - Description of individuals who live their lives in accordance with the shadows of reality provided by sensory experience instead of in accordance with the true reality beyond sensory experience.
Common Sense
Aristotle - Located in the heart, synthesizes the information provided by the five senses.
Efficient Cause
Aristotle - force that transforms a thing.
Entelechy
Aristotle - Purpose for which a thing exists, which remains a potential until actualized.
Final Cause
Formal Cause
Aristotle - The purpose for which a thing exists.
The form of a thing.
Forms
Plato - The pure and abstract realities that are unchanging and timeless and therefore knowable.
Golden Mean
The rule Aristotle suggested people follow to avoid excesses and to live a life of moderation.
Law of contiguity
A thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of things that are usually experienced along with it.
Law of Contrast
A thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of opposite things.
Law of Frequency
More often events are experienced together, the stronger they become associated in memory.
Law of similarity
Thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of similar things.
Law of association
Laws thought responsible for holding mental events together in memory.
Rational Soul
Aristotle - The soul possessed only by humans.
Reminiscence Theory of Knowledge
Plato - Belief that knowledge is attained by remembering the experiences the soul had when it dwelled among the forms before entering the body.
Theory of Forms
Plato - Contention that ultimate reality consists of abstract ideas or forms that correspond to all objects in the empirical world.
What does Hume refer to knowledge that exists by definition, such as mathematical knowledge
Demonstrative Knowledge
What metaphor did French sensationalists describe humans as?
Humans as machines
What was Hobbes’s approach to studying humans?
Deductive
What is Hobbes defined as?
Physical Monist
What did Hume believe the mind was?
Perceptions that a person was having at any given moment.
What was Locke’s major argument against the existence of innate ideas?
If ideas were innate, all humans would have them, and they do not.
What is true about Comte’s proposed utopian society?
Humanity replaces God, scientists and philosophers replace priests, and it relied heavily on the natural selflessness and moral resolution of woman.
What did Kant believe categories of thoughts to be?
Innate
What is Pantheism
The belief that god is everywhere and in everything.
What did Spinoza view the mind and body as?
Inseparable.
What did Kant believe about Psychology?
Psychology could not become an experimental science.
According to Spinoza…
Behavior and thoughts guided by reason were conducive to survival, but behavior and thoughts guided by passion were not.
What characterizes Rousseau’s utopian society?
The surrender of the individual will to the general will.
Who made the statement “Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains”?
Rousseau
What did Rousseau believe about education?
It should stimulate the development of a child’s natural impulses.
What does the religious stage consist of according to Kierkegaard?
People recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God.
What did Johann Wolfgang van Goethe think about the role of opposite forces?
In life there are opposite forces like good and evil, love and hate, life and death. He believed that the goal of life should be to embrace these forces. That even the more negative sides of human nature provide opportunities for growth.
What did Goethe believe about Phenomenology?
Described as the thought and meaningful experiences should be studied, rather than meaningless experiences. Color-Contrast study.
How did Goethe impact Psychology?
Brought in German philosophical writing into psychology, and strongly influenced Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud.
Hartley’s Goal as a Philosopher
Based off of Newton’s findings in the brain and vibrating pathways. Wanted to synthesize Newton’s ideas about nerve transmission by vibration with previous empiricism.
What was Hartley’s account of association?
Vibratiuncles which are similar to brain vibrations associated with sensations, except they are not as strong. Believed that experiences occurring together are packaged together in the brain. Successive experiences which follow each other, and simultaneous which occur at the same time.
What did Hartley believe about ideas?
Complex ideas are formed from simple ideas by one reflecting.
Three types of souls according to Aristotle?
Vegetative Soul: possessed by plants. Only allows growth, the assimilation of food, and reproduction.
Sensitive Soul: Possessed by animals, not plants. In addition to the vegetative functions, they experience pleasure and pain, and have a memory.
Rational Soul: Humans. All functions of the other souls but includes rational thoughts.
