Unit 1: Chapter 16 Flashcards
Mitosis
- Process of cell division. Genetic material is duplicated and passed from parent to daughter cells
Somatic cells
- 46 somatic cells
- 22 chromosomes pairs
- 1 pair of sex chromosomes
female: X X
Male: X Y
Ploidy
- 2n - pairs of homologous chromosomes
- n - unpaired homologous chromosomes
- some organisms can be polyploid
Karyotype
set of chromosomes. found by collecting samples of the cell which are then stained to be identified
Cell Cycle
Two main stages: growth and division
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
What happens in Interphrase. Does it happen longer than Mitosis
- Interphase is longer the Mitosis
Interphase
1. G1 Phase (Growth 1): cell grows rapidly. SINGLE Strand
2. S Phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs. DOUBLE STRAND
3. G2 (Growth 2): Cell prepared for division. DOUBLE STRANDED
2 Main processes of Mitosis
- Mitosis
- division of genetic material into two complete separate sets - Cytokenesis
- when the cytoplasm and organelles separate creating 2 daughter strands
What is the order of Mitosis and Meiosis
PMAT
Mitosis
- Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokenesis
Meiosis
- Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Cytokenesis 1.
Repeat (without interphase): Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokenesis II
Sexual Reproduction
- Meiosis
- Gamete production and fertilization producing genetically distinct offspring
Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
- Producing genetically identical offspring
Budding
- a form of reproduction whereby a new organism develops within the body of the parent
Parthenogenesis
unfertilized egg turns into an adult ex) bees
Binary Fission
- chromosome attached to the cell wall, cell elongates then divides
Conjugation
Genetic material transfers through contact using pilus ex) algae, fungi
fragmentation
- organism grows from a portion of the parent organism
- ex) worms cut in half. both cuts will grow to have their own full bodies
Vegetative reproduction
- Parts of plants get planted which grows a new one
Spores
- structure containing genetic material for dispersal
Alternation of Generation
- Plants can have 2 generations in their life cycle: haploid/diploid
- diploid (asexual) - sporophyte (produce haploid spores)
- haploid (sexual) - gametophyte (produce gametes)
*They can experience both in their life
Alternation in Sexual Cycles
- Some animals can alternate between asexual and sexual reproduction
ex) jellyfish, sea anemones, corals
