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Research 3900 > Unit 1: Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Journal Articles

A

Descriptions of studies published in professional journals

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2
Q

The typical research article is brief - generally only __ to __ double-spaced pages.

A

15-20

-this means a lot of information is condensed

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3
Q

Usually, manuscripts are reviewed by 2 or more…?

A

Peer reviewers (other researchers) who make recommendations about whether to accept or reject the manuscript, or to suggest revisions.

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4
Q

Reviews are usually ____.

A

“Blind”

-reviewers aren’t told researchers’ names and the authors aren’t told the reviwers’ names

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5
Q

Oral presentations

A

Research findings are presented this way

Follow a format similar to that used in journal articles
-presenter is typically allotted 10-20 minutes to describe key features of the study

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6
Q

Poster sessions

A

Many researchers simultaneously present visual displays summarizing their studies, and conference attendees walk around the room looking at these displays

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7
Q

IMRAD format

A 
Introduction
Method
Results
And
Discussion
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8
Q

T/F: The paper is preceded by a title and an abstract, and concludes with references

A

True

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9
Q

Qualitative study: Title

A

Normally includes central phenomenon and group under investigation

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10
Q

Quantitative study: Title

A

Communicates key variables and population (PICO components)

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11
Q

Abstract

A

Brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the article

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12
Q

Introduction

A

Describes the following:

  • central phenomena, concepts, or variables under study
  • study purpose and research questions/hypotheses
  • review of related literature
  • theoretical or conceptual framework
  • significance of and need for the study
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13
Q

Method (definition)

A

Describes the methods used to answer research questions

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14
Q

Quantitative Study: Methods

A

Research design

Setting & sample plan

Methods of measuring variables and collecting data

Study procedures, including procedures to protect participants

Statistical analyses

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15
Q

Qualitative Study: Methods

A

Research tradition

Sampling approach & participant description

Setting and context

Data collection approaches

Study procedures

Narrative analyses

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16
Q

Results (definition)

A

Present the findings obtained by analyzing study data

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17
Q

Quantitative Study: Results

A

Names of statistical tests used, value of calculated statistic, and significance

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18
Q

Qualitative Study: Results

A

Findings organized according to major themes, processes, or categories that were identified in the data

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19
Q

Discussion (definition)

A

Where the researcher presents conclusions about the meanings and implications of the findings

Qualitative and quantitative include: interpretation of results, clinical and research implications, study limitations and ramifications for the believability of the results

Begins with results summary in plain English, interpretation of results, surprising and unexpected findings, implications for further nursing practice and/or implications for further research, study limitations, & conclusions.

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20
Q

References include?

A

The list of books and articles that were used in the article

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21
Q

Structured Abstract

A

Slightly longer abstracts with headings

-e.g. background, objectives, method, results, and conclusions

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22
Q

Unstructured Abstract

A

The traditional abstract written as a continuous paragraph

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23
Q

Introduction uses literature to…?

A

Build an argument for conducting the study

Describe central phenomena, concepts, or variables

Describe the theoretical/conceptual framework

Explain study significance

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24
Q

Introduction often ends with…?

A

Study purpose

Research questions or hypotheses

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25
Criteria for evaluating quantitative research: Reliability
Refers to the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study
26
Criteria for evaluating quantitative research: Validity
More complex concept that broadly concerns the soundness of the study evidence Validity question is whether the methods are really measuring the concepts that they purport to measure
27
Findings
Results that were obtained by analyzing the study data
28
Statistical Tests
Used by researchers to test their hypotheses and assess the probability that the results are accurate
29
Statistically Significant
The findings are probably true and replicable with a new sample
30
Level of Significance
An index of how probably it is that the findings are reliable
31
Raw Data
The actual words of participants Excerpts of raw data are presented to support and provide a rich description of the thematic analysis
32
Criteria for evaluating qualitative studies: Trustworthiness
Overall integrity of the study's evidence
33
What are the 5 dimensions of trustworthiness?
1. Credibility 2. Confirmability 3. Dependability 4. Transferability 5. Authenticity
34
Credibility
Achieved to the extent that the research methods inspire confidence that the results and interpretations are truthful and accurate Refers to confidence in the truth value of the data and interpretations of them
35
Confirmability
Refers to objectivity - the potential for congruence between 2 or more independent people about the data's accuracy, relevance, or meaning
36
Dependability
Stability (reliability) of data over time and over conditions
37
Transferability
The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to or have applicability in other settings or groups Analogous to generalizability
38
Authenticity
Refers to the extent to which researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of different realities
39
Bias
An influence that results in an error in an interference or estimate Can affect quality of evidence in both qualitative and quantitative studies
40
Random Bias
A few study participants might provide inaccurate info b/c they were tired at the time of data collection
41
Systematic Bias
Results when the bias is consistent or uniform
42
What are some examples of factors creating bias?
Lack of participants' candor Faulty methods of data collection Researcher's preconceptions Participants' awareness of being in a special study Faulty study design
43
Why are research articles so hard to read?
1. Compactness - lots of info compressed into a short space 2. Jargon 3. Objectivity - quantitative researchers tend to avoid any impression of subjectivity, and so they tell their research stories in a way that makes them sound impersonal - qualitative reports are often written in a more conversational style 4. Statistical Info - in quantitative reports, numbers and statistical symbols may intimidate readers who don't have statistical training
44
Research Critique
An objective assessment of a study's strength and limitations
45
In quantitative studies ____ ____ involves eliminating extraneous factors (confounding variables) to better understand relationships
Research control
46
Research control is one method of addressing ____.
Challenges
47
What are the 2 methods of research control?
Blinding or masking | Randomization
48
Blinding or Masking
Involves concealing info from participants, data collectors, care providers, or data analysts to enhance objectivity
49
Randomization
"the great equalizer" Having certain features of the study established by chance rather than by design or research preference Powerful tool for eliminating bias
50
Reflexivity
The process of reflecting critically on the self, and of attending to personal values that could affect data collection and interpretations of the data
51
Reflexivity is a strategy used primarily by ____ researchers.
Qualitative | -e.g. the may maintain an ongoing journal to record their reflections before and during the study
52
Research critiques look at?
Strengths and weaknesses in terms of substantive issues Theoretical issues Methodologic decisions Ethics Style
53
Students taking a research methods course also may be asked to critique a study. Such critiques are usually expected to be?
Comprehensive, encompassing the various dimensions of what research critiques look at
54
A critique of the clinical utility of a study focuses on?
Whether the evidence is accurate, believable, and clinically relevant
55
Inference
A conclusion drawn from the study evidence using logical reasoning and taking into account the methods used to generate evidence An integral part of doing and critiquing research
56
Researchers want their inferences to correspond to the?
Truth
57
Scientific Merit
Quantitative researchers use several criteria to assess the quality of a study, sometimes referred to as its scientific merit
58
Statistical Reliablity
Refers to the probability that the same results would be obtained with a new sample of subjects
59
Triangulation
The use of multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth
60
Confounding Variables
Contaminating factors aka extraneous variables
61
Placebo
A sham drug
62
Generalizability
The criterion used in quantitative studies to assess the extent to which the findings can be applied to other groups and settings
63
Transferability
The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings, as another aspect of trustworthiness

Research 3900 (5 decks)

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