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Research 3900 > Unit 1: Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Journal Articles

A

Descriptions of studies published in professional journals

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2
Q

The typical research article is brief - generally only __ to __ double-spaced pages.

A

15-20

-this means a lot of information is condensed

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3
Q

Usually, manuscripts are reviewed by 2 or more…?

A

Peer reviewers (other researchers) who make recommendations about whether to accept or reject the manuscript, or to suggest revisions.

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4
Q

Reviews are usually ____.

A

“Blind”

-reviewers aren’t told researchers’ names and the authors aren’t told the reviwers’ names

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5
Q

Oral presentations

A

Research findings are presented this way

Follow a format similar to that used in journal articles
-presenter is typically allotted 10-20 minutes to describe key features of the study

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6
Q

Poster sessions

A

Many researchers simultaneously present visual displays summarizing their studies, and conference attendees walk around the room looking at these displays

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7
Q

IMRAD format

A 
Introduction
Method
Results
And
Discussion
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8
Q

T/F: The paper is preceded by a title and an abstract, and concludes with references

A

True

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9
Q

Qualitative study: Title

A

Normally includes central phenomenon and group under investigation

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10
Q

Quantitative study: Title

A

Communicates key variables and population (PICO components)

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11
Q

Abstract

A

Brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the article

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12
Q

Introduction

A

Describes the following:

  • central phenomena, concepts, or variables under study
  • study purpose and research questions/hypotheses
  • review of related literature
  • theoretical or conceptual framework
  • significance of and need for the study
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13
Q

Method (definition)

A

Describes the methods used to answer research questions

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14
Q

Quantitative Study: Methods

A

Research design

Setting & sample plan

Methods of measuring variables and collecting data

Study procedures, including procedures to protect participants

Statistical analyses

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15
Q

Qualitative Study: Methods

A

Research tradition

Sampling approach & participant description

Setting and context

Data collection approaches

Study procedures

Narrative analyses

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16
Q

Results (definition)

A

Present the findings obtained by analyzing study data

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17
Q

Quantitative Study: Results

A

Names of statistical tests used, value of calculated statistic, and significance

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18
Q

Qualitative Study: Results

A

Findings organized according to major themes, processes, or categories that were identified in the data

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19
Q

Discussion (definition)

A

Where the researcher presents conclusions about the meanings and implications of the findings

Qualitative and quantitative include: interpretation of results, clinical and research implications, study limitations and ramifications for the believability of the results

Begins with results summary in plain English, interpretation of results, surprising and unexpected findings, implications for further nursing practice and/or implications for further research, study limitations, & conclusions.

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20
Q

References include?

A

The list of books and articles that were used in the article

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21
Q

Structured Abstract

A

Slightly longer abstracts with headings

-e.g. background, objectives, method, results, and conclusions

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22
Q

Unstructured Abstract

A

The traditional abstract written as a continuous paragraph

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23
Q

Introduction uses literature to…?

A

Build an argument for conducting the study

Describe central phenomena, concepts, or variables

Describe the theoretical/conceptual framework

Explain study significance

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24
Q

Introduction often ends with…?

A

Study purpose

Research questions or hypotheses

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25
Q

Criteria for evaluating quantitative research: Reliability

A

Refers to the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study

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26
Q

Criteria for evaluating quantitative research: Validity

A

More complex concept that broadly concerns the soundness of the study evidence

Validity question is whether the methods are really measuring the concepts that they purport to measure

27
Q

Findings

A

Results that were obtained by analyzing the study data

28
Q

Statistical Tests

A

Used by researchers to test their hypotheses and assess the probability that the results are accurate

29
Q

Statistically Significant

A

The findings are probably true and replicable with a new sample

30
Q

Level of Significance

A

An index of how probably it is that the findings are reliable

31
Q

Raw Data

A

The actual words of participants

Excerpts of raw data are presented to support and provide a rich description of the thematic analysis

32
Q

Criteria for evaluating qualitative studies: Trustworthiness

A

Overall integrity of the study’s evidence

33
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of trustworthiness?

A
  1. Credibility
  2. Confirmability
  3. Dependability
  4. Transferability
  5. Authenticity
34
Q

Credibility

A

Achieved to the extent that the research methods inspire confidence that the results and interpretations are truthful and accurate

Refers to confidence in the truth value of the data and interpretations of them

35
Q

Confirmability

A

Refers to objectivity - the potential for congruence between 2 or more independent people about the data’s accuracy, relevance, or meaning

36
Q

Dependability

A

Stability (reliability) of data over time and over conditions

37
Q

Transferability

A

The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to or have applicability in other settings or groups

Analogous to generalizability

38
Q

Authenticity

A

Refers to the extent to which researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of different realities

39
Q

Bias

A

An influence that results in an error in an interference or estimate

Can affect quality of evidence in both qualitative and quantitative studies

40
Q

Random Bias

A

A few study participants might provide inaccurate info b/c they were tired at the time of data collection

41
Q

Systematic Bias

A

Results when the bias is consistent or uniform

42
Q

What are some examples of factors creating bias?

A

Lack of participants’ candor

Faulty methods of data collection

Researcher’s preconceptions

Participants’ awareness of being in a special study

Faulty study design

43
Q

Why are research articles so hard to read?

A
  1. Compactness
    - lots of info compressed into a short space
  2. Jargon
  3. Objectivity
    - quantitative researchers tend to avoid any impression of subjectivity, and so they tell their research stories in a way that makes them sound impersonal
    - qualitative reports are often written in a more conversational style
  4. Statistical Info
    - in quantitative reports, numbers and statistical symbols may intimidate readers who don’t have statistical training
44
Q

Research Critique

A

An objective assessment of a study’s strength and limitations

45
Q

In quantitative studies ____ ____ involves eliminating extraneous factors (confounding variables) to better understand relationships

A

Research control

46
Q

Research control is one method of addressing ____.

A

Challenges

47
Q

What are the 2 methods of research control?

A

Blinding or masking

Randomization

48
Q

Blinding or Masking

A

Involves concealing info from participants, data collectors, care providers, or data analysts to enhance objectivity

49
Q

Randomization

A

“the great equalizer”

Having certain features of the study established by chance rather than by design or research preference

Powerful tool for eliminating bias

50
Q

Reflexivity

A

The process of reflecting critically on the self, and of attending to personal values that could affect data collection and interpretations of the data

51
Q

Reflexivity is a strategy used primarily by ____ researchers.

A

Qualitative

-e.g. the may maintain an ongoing journal to record their reflections before and during the study

52
Q

Research critiques look at?

A

Strengths and weaknesses in terms of substantive issues

Theoretical issues

Methodologic decisions

Ethics

Style

53
Q

Students taking a research methods course also may be asked to critique a study. Such critiques are usually expected to be?

A

Comprehensive, encompassing the various dimensions of what research critiques look at

54
Q

A critique of the clinical utility of a study focuses on?

A

Whether the evidence is accurate, believable, and clinically relevant

55
Q

Inference

A

A conclusion drawn from the study evidence using logical reasoning and taking into account the methods used to generate evidence

An integral part of doing and critiquing research

56
Q

Researchers want their inferences to correspond to the?

A

Truth

57
Q

Scientific Merit

A

Quantitative researchers use several criteria to assess the quality of a study, sometimes referred to as its scientific merit

58
Q

Statistical Reliablity

A

Refers to the probability that the same results would be obtained with a new sample of subjects

59
Q

Triangulation

A

The use of multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth

60
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Contaminating factors

aka extraneous variables

61
Q

Placebo

A

A sham drug

62
Q

Generalizability

A

The criterion used in quantitative studies to assess the extent to which the findings can be applied to other groups and settings

63
Q

Transferability

A

The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings, as another aspect of trustworthiness

Research 3900 (5 decks)

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