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Research 3900 > Unit 1: Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Ch. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Study

A

An investigation

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2
Q

Studies with humans involve 2 sets of people. Those types of people are?

A

Those who do the research and those who provide the information

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3
Q

In a quantitative study, the people being studied are called?

A

Subjects or study participants

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4
Q

In a qualitative study, the people cooperating in the study are called study participants or?

A

Informants

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5
Q

The person who conducts the research is the?

A

Researcher or investigator

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6
Q

Study Site

A

Specific location for the research

-could be an entire community (ex: Haitian neighborhood in Miami) or an institution (ex: clinic in Seattle)

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7
Q

Multisite Studies

A

Use of multiple study sites

-offers a larger and often more diverse sample of participants

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8
Q

Concepts

A

Something everyone knows to be true

Abstractions in qualitative studies

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9
Q

Constructs

A

Deliberately invented/constructed

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10
Q

Construct vs Concept

A

They’re sometimes used interchangeably, but by convention a construct often refers to a slightly more complex abstraction than a concept

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11
Q

Theories

A

An explanation of some aspect of reality

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12
Q

Quantitative Study Theory

A

Start w/ theory and do research to make prediction

-deductive reasoning; make predictions about how phenomena in real world would behave if the theory were true

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13
Q

Qualitative Study Theory

A

Do research and make a theory

-inductive reasoning (theory is often the PRODUCT of research)

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14
Q

Variable

A

Something that varies

The term “variable” is used almost exclusively in quantitative research

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15
Q

Types of varibles

A

Continuous
-ex: height, weight

Categorical
-ex: marital status, gender

Independent Variable (IV)

Dependent Variable (DV)

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16
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

The presumed cause

Corresponds to intervention, influence, or exposure

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17
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

The presumed outcome that researchers want to understand, explain, or predict

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18
Q

Conceptual Definition

A

The abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept

Ex: definition of caring was found by Morse and colleagues (1990) to have 5 conceptual definitions: human trait, moral imperative, affect, interpersonal relationship, and a therapeutic intervention

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19
Q

Operational Definition

A

Indicates what researchers specifically must do to measure the concept and collect needed info

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20
Q

Data

A

The pieces of info researchers collect in a study

Singular = datum

21
Q

Quantitative researchers collect ____ data.

A

Numeric (quantitative)

22
Q

Qualitative researchers collect ____ data.

A

Narrative descriptions (qualitative)

23
Q

T/F: Variables are not inherently dependent or independent.

A

True

-a DV could in one study could be an IV in another

24
Q

Example of quantitative data (just for reference)

A

“Thinking about the past week, how depressed would you say have been on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 means ‘not at all’ and 10 means ‘the most possible’?”

Data:

  • subject 1: 9
  • subject 2: 0
  • subject 3: 4
25
Q

Example of qualitative data (just for reference)

A

Question: “Tell me about how you’ve been feeling lately - have you felt sad or depressed at all, or have you generally been in good spirits?”

Response: “Well, actually, I’ve been pretty depressed lately. I wake up each morning and I can’t seem to think of anything to look forward to. I just can’t seem to shake the blues.”

26
Q

Relationship

A

A bond or connection between variables

27
Q

Cause and Effect Relationship

A

aka “causal relationship”

Within the positivist paradigm, natural phenomena are assumed to have antecedent causes that are discoverable

Ex: there is a causal relationship between eating more calories and gaining weight

28
Q

Associative Relationship

A

aka “functional relationship”

A relationship exists between the 2 variables but you cannot say that one caused the other

Ex: there is a relationship between a person’s pulmonary artery and tympanic temperature: people w/ high readings on one end tend to have high readings on the other. HOWEVER, you cannot say that one caused the other despite the relationship that exists between the 2.

29
Q

Major classes of quantitative research: Experimental Research

A

Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment - most often to address therapy questions

30
Q

Major classes of quantitative research: Nonexperimental Research

A

Researchers are bystanders - they collect data w/o introducing treatments or making changes (most often to address etiology, prognosis, or diagnosis questions)

31
Q

Qualitative research disciplinary traditions: Grounded Theory Research

A

Seeks to understand key social psychological processes

Developed in the 1960s by 2 sociologists (Glaser and Strauss).

A major component of grounded theory research is the discovery of a core variable that is central in explaining what’s going on in that social scene. Grounded theory researchers strive to generate explanations of phenomena that are grounded in reality.

32
Q

Qualitative research disciplinary traditions: Phenomenological Research

A

Focuses on the lived experiences of humans

Developed by Husserl and Heidegger.

Phenomenology is an approach to thinking about what life experiences of people are like and what they mean.

Phenomenological researcher asks :”What’s the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people? What’s the meaning of the phenomenon to those who experience it?”

33
Q

Qualitative research disciplinary traditions: Ethnographic Research

A

Focuses on the patterns and lifeways of a cultural group

Ethnographers typically engage in extensive fieldwork, often participating to the extent possible in the life of the culture under study. Ethnographers strive to learn from members of a cultural group, to understand their world view, and to describe their customs and norms.

34
Q

In medical and epidemiological research, experimental studies are usually called?

A

Clinical trials

35
Q

Nonexperimental inquiries are called?

A

Observational studies

36
Q

Phenomenology

A

Is concerned with the lived experiences of humans

37
Q

Ethnography

A

Providers a framework for studying the patterns, lifeways, and experiences of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion.

The primary research tradition in anthropology

38
Q

List the 5 phases in quantitative studies.

A 
Phase 1: Conceptual
Phase 2: Design & Plan
Phase 3: Empirical
Phase 4: Analysis
Phase 5: Dissemination
39
Q

Phase 1: Conceptual (5 steps)

A
  1. Formulate and delimiting the problem.
    - formulate good research questions (substantive, theoretical, clinical, methodological, ethical)
  2. Review literature
  3. Understand clinical fieldwork (observe the field)
  4. Define framework and developing conceptual definitions
    - define your questions, understand concepts of study
  5. Formulate hypotheses
40
Q

Phase 2: Design and Plan (7 steps).

A
  1. Select research design
    - plan it, no bias!
  2. Develop protocols for intervention
    - define specifics of your independent variable
  3. Identify population
  4. Design sampling plan
    - how will your sample represent the population?
  5. Specifying methods to measure variables
    - data collection plan
  6. Developing methods to safeguard human/animal rights
    - adhere to ethical principles
  7. Review and finalize research plan
    - have reviewers critique research plan; submit proposal for financial support
41
Q

Phase 3: Empirical (2 steps)

A
  1. Collect data

14. Prepare data for analysis

42
Q

Phase 4: Analysis (2 steps)

A
  1. Analyze the data

16. Interpret the results

43
Q

Phase 5: Dissemination (2 steps)

A
  1. Communicate findings
    - prepare research report
  2. Put evidence into practice
44
Q

Activities in a qualitative study

A

Conceptualizing and planning the study

Conducting the study: undertaking iterative activities through emergent design

45
Q

Emergent design

A

A design that emerges during the course of data collection

46
Q

Conceptualizing and planning the qualitative study

A
  1. ID the research problem
    - begin with broad topic, focusing on an aspect about which little is known
  2. Doing a literature review
    - some researchers believe doing a review before collecting the data might influence the conceptualization of the phenomenon under study
    - others believe that researchers should conduct at least a brief literature review at the outset
  3. Selecting and gaining entrée into research sites
    - ID an appropriate site
    - researchers may have access to the selected site but in others they need to gain entrée into it
    - gaining entrée typically involves negotiations with gatekeepers who have the authority to permit entry into their world
  4. Developing an overall approach
    - use an emergent design
  5. Addressing ethical issues
    - develop plans for addressing ethical issues
    - there are special concerns in qualitative studies b/c of the more intimate nature of the relationship that typically develops between researchers and participants
47
Q

Conducting a qualitative study

A

Begin by talking with or observing people with first-hand experience w/ the phenomenon under study

Actual process of data analysis involves clustering together related types of narrative info into a coherent design
-through an inductive reasoning process, researchers begin to ID themes and categories which are used to build a rich description or the theory of the phenomenon

Use the principle of saturation
-sampling decisions are guided by the data

Qualitative researchers are the main data collection instrument and must take steps to demonstrate trustworthiness of the data.

48
Q

Saturation

A

Occurs when themes and categories in the data become repetitive and redundant, such that no new info can be gleaned by further data collection

Research 3900 (5 decks)

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