Unit 1: Ch. 3 Flashcards

Question

Example of qualitative data (just for reference)

Answer 1

Question: "Tell me about how you've been feeling lately - have you felt sad or depressed at all, or have you generally been in good spirits?" Response: "Well, actually, I've been pretty depressed lately. I wake up each morning and I can't seem to think of anything to look forward to. I just can't seem to shake the blues."

Answer 2

A bond or connection between variables

Answer 3

aka "causal relationship" Within the positivist paradigm, natural phenomena are assumed to have antecedent causes that are discoverable Ex: there is a causal relationship between eating more calories and gaining weight

Answer 4

aka "functional relationship" A relationship exists between the 2 variables but you cannot say that one caused the other Ex: there is a relationship between a person's pulmonary artery and tympanic temperature: people w/ high readings on one end tend to have high readings on the other. HOWEVER, you cannot say that one caused the other despite the relationship that exists between the 2.

Answer 5

Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment - most often to address therapy questions

Answer 6

Researchers are bystanders - they collect data w/o introducing treatments or making changes (most often to address etiology, prognosis, or diagnosis questions)

Answer 7

Seeks to understand key social psychological processes Developed in the 1960s by 2 sociologists (Glaser and Strauss). A major component of grounded theory research is the discovery of a core variable that is central in explaining what's going on in that social scene. Grounded theory researchers strive to generate explanations of phenomena that are grounded in reality.

Answer 8

Focuses on the lived experiences of humans Developed by Husserl and Heidegger. Phenomenology is an approach to thinking about what life experiences of people are like and what they mean. Phenomenological researcher asks :"What's the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people? What's the meaning of the phenomenon to those who experience it?"

Answer 9

Focuses on the patterns and lifeways of a cultural group Ethnographers typically engage in extensive fieldwork, often participating to the extent possible in the life of the culture under study. Ethnographers strive to learn from members of a cultural group, to understand their world view, and to describe their customs and norms.

Answer 10

Clinical trials

Answer 11

Observational studies

Answer 12

Is concerned with the lived experiences of humans

Answer 13

Providers a framework for studying the patterns, lifeways, and experiences of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion. The primary research tradition in anthropology

Answer 14

``` Phase 1: Conceptual Phase 2: Design & Plan Phase 3: Empirical Phase 4: Analysis Phase 5: Dissemination ```

Answer 15

1. Formulate and delimiting the problem. - formulate good research questions (substantive, theoretical, clinical, methodological, ethical) 2. Review literature 3. Understand clinical fieldwork (observe the field) 4. Define framework and developing conceptual definitions - define your questions, understand concepts of study 5. Formulate hypotheses

Answer 16

6. Select research design - plan it, no bias! 7. Develop protocols for intervention - define specifics of your independent variable 8. Identify population 9. Design sampling plan - how will your sample represent the population? 10. Specifying methods to measure variables - data collection plan 11. Developing methods to safeguard human/animal rights - adhere to ethical principles 12. Review and finalize research plan - have reviewers critique research plan; submit proposal for financial support

Answer 17

13. Collect data | 14. Prepare data for analysis

Answer 18

15. Analyze the data | 16. Interpret the results

Answer 19

17. Communicate findings - prepare research report 18. Put evidence into practice

Answer 20

Conceptualizing and planning the study Conducting the study: undertaking iterative activities through emergent design

Answer 21

A design that emerges during the course of data collection

Answer 22

1. ID the research problem - begin with broad topic, focusing on an aspect about which little is known 2. Doing a literature review - some researchers believe doing a review before collecting the data might influence the conceptualization of the phenomenon under study - others believe that researchers should conduct at least a brief literature review at the outset 3. Selecting and gaining entrée into research sites - ID an appropriate site - researchers may have access to the selected site but in others they need to gain entrée into it - gaining entrée typically involves negotiations with gatekeepers who have the authority to permit entry into their world 4. Developing an overall approach - use an emergent design 5. Addressing ethical issues - develop plans for addressing ethical issues - there are special concerns in qualitative studies b/c of the more intimate nature of the relationship that typically develops between researchers and participants

Answer 23

Begin by talking with or observing people with first-hand experience w/ the phenomenon under study Actual process of data analysis involves clustering together related types of narrative info into a coherent design -through an inductive reasoning process, researchers begin to ID themes and categories which are used to build a rich description or the theory of the phenomenon Use the principle of saturation -sampling decisions are guided by the data Qualitative researchers are the main data collection instrument and must take steps to demonstrate trustworthiness of the data.

Answer 24

Occurs when themes and categories in the data become repetitive and redundant, such that no new info can be gleaned by further data collection