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DCCC BIO150 F'21 > Unit 1: Ch 1 (Intro to A&P) > Flashcards

Unit 1: Ch 1 (Intro to A&P) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the categories of anatomy?

A
  1. Size
  2. Region (Regional Anatomy)
  3. System (Systemic Anatomy)
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2
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A
  • Gross anatomy is when a structure can be seen with the naked eye, whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection
  • For example, when a physician makes an assessment while viewing a patient’s foot with the naked eye, the physician is performing gross anatomy
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3
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A
  • Microscopic anatomy is a subdiscipline of the size category of anatomy
  • It applies to structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye, and require a microscope or other piece of equipment/tool to view
  • For example, a microscope is required to view cells. Cytology, the study of cells, utilizes microscopic anatomy to view structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye
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4
Q

How is anatomy studied?

A
  • Inspection
  • Palpation
  • Auscultation
  • Percussion
  • Dissection
  • Imaging
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5
Q
  • Describe Inspection
A
  • The simplest form of anatomy study
  • Looking at a body’s appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance
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6
Q

Describe Palpation

A
  • Feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse.
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7
Q

Describe Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds

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8
Q

Describe Percussion

A

The examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid, air, or scar tissue

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9
Q

Describe Dissection

A
  • To cut
  • Cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships
  • Lecture note: Opportunity to take an instrument and start at the most superficial, or outside layers of the human organism and be able to view deeper/more internal structures
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10
Q

What is Comparative Anatomy?

A
  • The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities, differences, evolutionary trends, and to understand how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction.
  • It is often the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures. Lecture note: Where animals are used as a model for how human structures are presented. Clinical trials and research, drugs are initially tested on animal population, then humans
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11
Q

Describe Imaging

A
  • Method of viewing the inside of the body without surgery.
  • Lecture note: Imaging is important for seeing if anatomical structures are present and if they are in the correct position
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12
Q

Why are A&P studied together?

A
  • A&P are presented together because the structures are going to perform the functions, and the functions are going to require the structures, they are interrelated. And they are interdependent on each other.
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13
Q

Distinguish among the subspecialties of physiology

A
  • Neurophysiology is the study of the function of the nervous system
  • Endocrinology is the study of hormones
  • Immunology is the study of the immune system
  • Pathophysiology is the study of diseases, specifically the processes or functions of diseases.
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14
Q

Neurophysiology

A
  • Study of the nervous system
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15
Q

Endocrinology

A
  • Study of the hormones, which are chemical messengers that allow for instructions to be sent from one part of the body to another
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16
Q

Immunology

A
  • Study of the immune system which is our body’s natural defenses to help prevent infection or disease
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17
Q

Pathophysiology

A
  • Study of diseases, specifically the processes or functions of diseases
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18
Q

What is meant by “levels of structural organization?”

A
  • The levels of structural organization is a hierarchy
  • Requires that two or more structures with a common function be joined to create the next level within the hierarchy
  • If one level of the hierarchy is jeopardized, any superior level on that hierarchy is also affected
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19
Q

List the levels in the Hierarchy of Complexity/Structural Organization (from least to greatest complexity)

A
  1. Atom (smallest)
  2. Molecule
  3. Macromolecule
  4. Organelle
  5. Cell
  6. Tissue
  7. Organ
  8. Organ System
  9. Organism (largest)
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20
Q

Atom

A
  • The least complex level begins with the atom
  • Atoms are the smallest particles that contain unique chemical identities.
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21
Q

Molecule

A
  • When two or more atoms with a common structure and function form, a molecule is formed
  • Molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
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22
Q

Macromolecule

A
  • Macromolecules are the largest molecules, which include proteins, DNA and fats
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23
Q

Organelle

A
  • When two or more macromolecules with a common structure and function come together, an organelle is formed
  • Organelles are microscopic structures that carry out individual functions
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24
Q

Cytology

A
  • The study of cells
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25
Q

Cell

A
  • When two or more organelles with a common structure and function join, a cell is formed
  • Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells, and all living structures must have cells
  • A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all the basic functions of life
  • A cell is enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. Most cells have one nucleus, an organelle that contains its DNA
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26
Q

Tissue

A
  • When two or more cells with a common structure and function come together, a tissue is formed
  • Tissues are a group of cells that form a discrete region of an organ and perform a specific function
  • Histology is the study of tissues
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27
Q

List the 4 basic tissue types

A
  • Connective
  • Epithelial
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
28
Q

Organ

A
  • When two or more tissues with a common structure and function join, an organ is created
  • Organs have a specific function and have visible anatomical boundaries
  • Lecture note: Most organs and higher levels of structure are within the domain of gross anatomy. However, there are organs within organs that are only visible with a microscope (i.e. skin)
29
Q

Organ System

A
  • When two or more organs with a common structure and function join, an organ system is formed
  • The organs within an organ system are usually interconnected. For example, the skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous gland compose the integumentary system.
30
Q

Organism

A
  • When two or more organ systems with a common structure and function come together
  • Organisms are the most complex level in the hierarchy and result in a complete individual being formed
31
Q

List the Characteristics of Life (Basic Life Processes)

A
  1. Cellular Composition
  2. Development
  3. Homeostasis
  4. Metabolism
  5. Reproduction
  6. Responsiveness & Movement
32
Q

Metabolism

A
  • The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body or all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
  • Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism
  • Lecture Note: Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy
33
Q

Anabolism

A
  • When you take smaller molecules and join them together to make a larger molecule (deals with getting bigger)
34
Q

Catabolism

A
  • Taking a large structure and physically breaking it down into smaller structures
  • It is the opposite of anabolism because it deals with getting smaller. Think of chewing or cutting away a large molecule into smaller pieces.
35
Q

Cellular Composition

A
  • Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
  • All living structures must have cells
36
Q

Responsiveness & Movement

A
  • Responsiveness
    • The ability to sense and react to stimuli (changes in the environment)
    • Occurs at all levels from the single cell to the entire body, and it characterizes all living things from bacteria to organisms
    • Example: eyes are responsive to light, so the stimuli for eyes is light
  • Movement
    • Physically being able to start in one location and end in another location, depending on what structures we’re talking about
    • This can occur at the gross or microscopic level
    • Most living organisms are capable of self-propelled movement, and all organisms and cells are at least capable of moving matter internally
37
Q

Development

A
  • Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism.
  • In most organisms, it involves two major processes: Differentiation & Growth
    • Differentiation: the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task
    • Growth: an increase in size
38
Q

Reproduction

A
  • All living organisms can produce copies of themselves, thus passing their genes on to offspring (or progeny)
39
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
  • Lecture notes: Homeostasis is considered dynamic because it is constantly changing
40
Q

Feedback Loops

A
  • Feedback loops are one way to maintain homeostasis.
  • They are cyclical in nature, meaning that they are constantly moving and constantly occurring.
  • 3 parts
    • Receptor: A structure that senses a change in the body. All receptors are able to receive information about the body, whether external or internal receptors and then provide information to the Integrating/Control Center
    • Integrating or Control Center: A structure that senses a change in the body. All receptors are able to receive information about the body, whether external or internal receptors and then provide information to the Integrating/Control Center
    • Effector: The cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action. The Effector will do the instruction, or perform the instruction that the Integrating/Control Center senses. After the instruction is completed the receptor will receive new information about the organism. And the loop continues.
  • Lecture note: This helps provide homeostasis since the organism is not going to be the same in the morning, as it is in the afternoon, as it is in the evening. This is true of hormone levels, you may be more alert and awake at certain times of the day.
41
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A
  • Process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. By maintaining stability, negative feedback is the key mechanism for maintaining health.
  • Characteristics
    • Most common
    • Same intensity at the Effector
    • “Shut off” by an internal stimulus
  • Lecture note: When you have a negative feedback loop, you are going to get the same intensity or instruction for the Effector from the Integrating/Control Center. Every time that you move through that feedback loop you will also see that you are going to stop creating a change when you are shutting off that feedback loop, by something internal. Example: When body temperature is too high, the Receptor sends a message to the Control Center which sends an action message to the Effector, which completes the action.
42
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A
  • A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback
  • Characteristics
    • Less common, but just as important
    • Increases intensity at the Effector
    • “Shut off” by an external stimulus
  • Lecture note: Often associated with more immersion types of situations. Unlike negative feedback loops, you will see that a positive feedback loop increases its intensity at the Effector. Every time it goes through a feedback loop (until homeostasis is maintained), it will increase the intensity of the instruction. Example: When it is time to birth a child. The Receptor sends a message to begin contractions to the Control Center, contraction action sent to Effector, contractions begin. If birth does not occur, the cycle is repeated with the message/action to increase contraction strength. Loop continues until the child exits the body.
43
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A
  • The internal state of the body in which there is a certain set point or average value for a given variable and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point (ie body temperature)
44
Q

Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology

A
  • Anatomy is the study of structures. It identifies what a structure is and where it is located within an organism.
  • Physiology is the study of function. It describes how a structure functions or works, and why it works in a particular way
45
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A
  • Regional anatomy refers to regions where a structure is located. For example, the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk.
  • The appendicular region includes the upper extremities and lower extremities.
  • Regions may be singular (such as the head and neck, as the body only has one of them) or bilateral, meaning that they are found on both sides of the body (such as the brachial region which is a part of the upper extremities).
46
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A
  • Systemic anatomy refers to organ systems
  • There are 11 organ systems in the human body
  • An organ system is formed when there are two or more organs with a unique collective function
  • For example, the bones, cartilages, and ligaments, compose the skeletal system. Organs that form an organ system must have a common structure and function.
47
Q

Define

Body Cavities

A

Internal spaces

48
Q

What is contained in body cavities?

A

Viscera

49
Q

What lines a body cavity?

A

Tissue

50
Q

Name the body cavities.

A

There are two.

  • Dorsal cavity
  • Ventral cavity

(these are not in the text)

51
Q

Where is the dorsal cavity located?

A

Back.

52
Q

What does the dorsal cavity contain?

A

CNS

(central nervous system)

53
Q

Name the tissue that lines the dorsal cavity.

A

Meninges

MEN IN G_ES
(_E-I-E)

54
Q

Name the parts of the dorsal cavity.

A

There are two.

  • Cranial
    CRAN-IAL
  • Vertebral (Spinal)
55
Q

Where is the ventral cavity located?

A

Ventrally.

56
Q

Name the layers of tissue of the ventral cavity.

A

There are two.

  • Parietal layer
    PAR-I-E-TAL
    (A-IE-A)
  • Visceral layer
    VIS-CER-AL
    (I-E-A)
57
Q

Define

Serous fluid.

A

Fluid between the serosa layers.

58
Q

Name the parts of the ventral cavity.

A

There are two.

  • Thoracic
    THOR-AC-IC
    (O-A-I)
  • Abdominopelvic
    AB-DOM-_INO_-PELV-IC
    (A-O-I-O…)
59
Q

Name the parts of the thoracic cavity.

A

There are 3.
(But actually 4).

  • 2x PleuraL cavities
    (ends with an L)
  • Mediastinum
    MEDIA-STI-NUM
    (EIA-I-U)
  • Pericardial cavity
60
Q

What is the special name of the serosa that line the

pleural cavity?

A

Pleura

Also, the two individual layers are

  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pleura
61
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A

Lungs.

62
Q

Where is the mediastinum?

A

Center of the thoraci_c_ cavity.

C for center! So many C’s!

63
Q

What is contained in the pericardial cavity?

A

Heart.

64
Q

What is the special name for serosa that lines the
pericardial cavity?

A

Pericardium.

The two layers are called:

  • Perietal pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium
65
Q

Name the parts of the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

There are two.

  • Abdominal cavity.
    AB-DOM-IN-AL
  • Pelvic cavity.
66
Q

What is contained in the the
abdominal cavity?

A

Digestive (and other) organs.

67
Q

What is contained in the pelvic cavity?

A
  • bladder
  • large intestine
    IN-TES-TINE
    (I-E-I-E)
  • internal reproductive organs

DCCC BIO150 F'21 (6 decks)

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