Unit 1 Flashcards
Define
Anatomy
The study of form.
What does anatomy examine?
- Structure of body parts
- Relationship between parts
Define
Physiology
The study of function.
What does physiology examine?
- Function of body parts.
What are of the subdivisions of anatomy?
There are 3 subdivisions:
- Gross anatomy
- Microscoping anatomy
- Developmental anatomy
Define
Gross anatomy
The study of anatomy with the unaided eye.
What are the methods of gross anatomy?
There are three:
- Dissection
- Medical imaging
- Exploratory surgery
The ways of studying gross anatomy?
There are three:
- Regional anatomy
- Systemic anatomy
- Surface anatomy
Define
Microscopic anatomy
The study of anatomy too tiny to see with the unaided eye.
What are the areas of microscoping anatomy?
There are two areas:
- Cytology
- Histology
Define
Developmental anatomy
The study of the changes occuring throughout life
(including the changes before birth).
Define
Regional anatomy
The study of anatomy by where it is located.
Define
Systemic anatomy
The study of anatomy that is functionally related.
Define
Surface anatomy
The study of internal anatomy in the context of external markings.
Define
Cytology
The study of cells.
Define
Histology
The study of tissues.
Define
Specialized branches of anatomy
Anatomy that studies specific systems.
(examples: histology, neurology)
Define
Complementarity of structure and function
The relationship of form and function.
What is the relationship of form and function?
Anatomy determines physiology.
Physiology is dependent on anatomy.
Vaginal cartilage!
Describe
hierarch of complexity
also: Levels of Organization
There are levels of organization that become more complex as the level increases.
Describe
Levels of Organization
also: hierarch of complexity
There are levels of organization that become more complex as the level increases.
Name the different levels in the
hierarch of complexity.
As six levels:
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
As seven levels:
chemicals, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
What is included in the Chemical level of organization?
- Atoms
- Molecules
What is included in the organelle level of organization?
the structures of cells that perform functions
What is included in the cellular level of organization?
The different cell types.
Number of different cell types?
???
Define
Tissue
A group of cells working together to perform a specific function.
What are the types of tissue?
There are four:
- epithelial
- muscle
- connective
- nervous
Define
Organ
A group of tissues working together to perform functions.
Define
Organ system
A group of organs working together to perform functions.
(organs can be part of multiple systems)
Define
Organism
A single, complete individual.
(such as a plant or animal)
Name the different organ systems.
There are 11.
Integumentary, Skeletal,
Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine,
Circulator/Cardiovascular,
Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary,
Digestive, Reproductive
What are the characteristics of life?
There are seven.
- Organization & Cells
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness & Movement
- Homeostasis
- Development
- Reproduction
- Evolution
Describe the Organization & Cells characteristic of life.
living things are organized
Describe the Metabolism characteristic of life.
the ability to take in chemicals & change them
There are two types:
- Catabolic
- Anabolic
(via chemical reactions)
Define
Catabolic metabolism
(catabolic reaction)
breaks large chemicals into smaller chemicals
(example: digestion)
Define
Anabolic metabolism
(anabolic reaction)
builds a larger chemical from smaller chemicals
example: growth
Describe the Responsiveness & Movement characteristic of life.
Life can detect and respond to environmental change.
Environmental change can be internal or external.
Define
Stimuli
an environmental change
(can be internal or external)
Define
Responsiveness
The ability to detect and respond to stimuli.
There are two other terms for this.
- Irritability
- Excitability
Name the types of movement?
There are three.
- Whole body
- Cellular
- Substances
Define
Homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions as the environment changes
Describe the development characteristic of life?
The changes that occur over a lifetime.
Involves two processes:
- Differentiation
- Growth
Define
Differentiation
Cells become specialized
Define
Growth
An increase in size.
There are three ways.
- # of cells
- size of cells
- increased distance
Name the ways growth occurs.
There are three.
- # of cells increase
- size of cells increases
- distance increases
Describe the Reproduction characteristic of life.
A production of either
- new organism
- new cells
Describe the evolution characteristic of life.
This can be either:
- changes in population over time
- genetic mutation (changes) that give a survival advantage
Describe the “internal stability” of homeostasis.
A dynamic equilibrium, never exactly consistent, fluctuation within a range of acceptable values to maintain an optimal, most efficient state.
Name the methods of communication of the human body.
There are two.
- Hormones (chemical)
- Nerve impulses (electrical)
Define
Controlled condition
The thing in the environment being monitored.
example: CO2 in the blood
Name the parts of control mechanisms.
There are three.
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
Describe the role of a receptor.
It receives information about the environment (body).
Describe the function of a control center.
Analyzing the information and issues a response.
Describe the function of an effector.
Performs the instruction to cause a change.
Name the two types of control mechanisms.
There are two:
- Negative feedback system
- Positive feedback system
Describe the function of a negative feedback system.
Keeps the condition near a set point.
(most systems are this way)
Describe the function of a positive feedback system.
Allows conditions to change more (in a self-amplifying way).
- Increases original stimulus
- Shut-off by an external stimulus
example: giving birth
(increasing contractions until the baby is pushed out)
