Unit-1: Cell Theory and Kingdoms of Life

Question 1

What are the two main types of cells?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Question 2

Who proposed the five-kingdom classification system?

Answer 2

Robert Whittaker

Question 3

What are the five kingdoms in the biological classification system?

Answer 3

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Question 4

What phases make up the cell cycle?

Answer 4

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase (mitosis).

Question 5

What is the process of cell division in eukaryotic cells called?

Answer 5

Mitosis

Question 6

What is the significance of the S phase in the cell cycle?

Answer 6

It is the phase where DNA synthesis occurs, resulting in the duplication of chromosomes.

Question 7

Q: What is meiosis?

Answer 7

A: A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid gametes.

Question 8

Q: What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?

Answer 8

A: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.

Question 9

Q: What is the role of microtubules during mitosis?

Answer 9

A: They help in the movement and separation of chromosomes to ensure accurate distribution to daughter cells.

Question 10

Q: How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

Answer 10

A: Through processes like crossing over and the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis I.

Question 11

Q: What can result from disruptions in the cell cycle?

Answer 11

A: Uncontrolled cell division, which can lead to cancer.

Question 12

Q: What are biological macromolecules, and why are they important?

Answer 12

A: They are large molecules essential for life, playing key roles in cellular functions and processes.

Question 13

Q: What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Answer 13

A: Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells contain two sets (2n).

Question 14

Q: What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 14

A: It is involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 15

Q: What is the significance of the cell theory?

Answer 15

A: It states that all living organisms are composed of cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.

Question 16

Q: What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 16

A: Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and complex structures.

Question 17

Q: What is the role of sister chromatids during cell division?

Answer 17

A: Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome that are separated during mitosis and meiosis to ensure each daughter cell receives the correct genetic material.

Question 18

Q: How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity?

Answer 18

A: Crossing over allows homologous chromosomes to exchange genetic material during prophase I of meiosis, leading to new combinations of alleles in gametes.

Question 19

Q: What are gametes, and how are they formed?

Answer 19

A: Gametes are haploid cells (sperm and egg) formed through meiosis, which reduces the chromosome number by half.

Question 20

Q: What is the significance of chiasmata during meiosis?

Answer 20

A: Chiasmata are points where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, facilitating genetic variation in the resulting gametes.

Question 21

Q: What are the five kingdoms of living organisms?

Answer 21

A: The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, each classified based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.

Question 22

Q: How does the cell cycle ensure proper cell division?

Answer 22

A: The cell cycle includes checkpoints that regulate the progression through phases like G1, S, G2, and M, ensuring accurate duplication and distribution of chromosomes.

Question 23

Q: What is the role of microtubules in mitosis?

Answer 23

A: Microtubules form the spindle apparatus that helps align and separate chromosomes during mitosis, ensuring each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes.

Question 24

Q: What is the origin of cancer related to the cell cycle?

Answer 24

A: Cancer can arise from mutations that disrupt the regulation of the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division and the formation of tumors.

Question 25

Q: Who proposed the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms?

Answer 25

A: Robert Whittaker proposed this classification system, which distinguishes organisms based on their cellular structure and nutritional modes.

Question 26

Q: What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Answer 26

A: Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells contain two sets (2n), which is typical for somatic cells in eukaryotes.

Question 27

Q: What are biological macromolecules, and what roles do they play in cells?

Answer 27

A: Biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, are essential for various cellular functions, including structure, energy storage, and genetic information.

Question 28

Q: What is the process of mitosis, and why is it important?

Answer 28

A: Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.

Question 29

Q: How do Archaea differ from Bacteria?

Answer 29

A: Archaea are a distinct group of prokaryotic organisms that often thrive in extreme environments and have unique biochemical and genetic characteristics compared to Bacteria.

Question 30

Q: What is the significance of the cell theory in biology?

Answer 30

A: The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units of life, emphasizing the importance of cells in the study of biology.