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N5 Biology > Unit 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the enzyme word equation?

A

Substrate - Enzyme - Product

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2
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

A build up of a large molecule from smaller molecules

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3
Q

What is a degradation reaction?

A

The breakdown of large molecules.

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4
Q

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

A

They become denatured and will never work again.

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5
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

They are long DNA molecules which hold genetic material and are found in the nucleus of a cell.

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6
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

The order of amino acids

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7
Q

What are genes?

A

A length of DNA with a specific location on a chromosome.

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8
Q

What is DNA?

A

It is a large and complex structure which carries genetic code that determines characteristics of a living thing.

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9
Q

What is the phospholorylase build up word equation?

A

Gulcose1-phosphate —–> Starch

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10
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What is the word equation for catalyse?

A

Hydrogen pereoxide ——–> Water + Oxygen

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12
Q

What is the messenger DNA called?

A

mRNA

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13
Q

What is the job of mRNA?

A

To carry a copy of the genetic code out of the nucleus and to a ribosome.

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14
Q

What are the four bases?

A

Adenine Thymine

Guanine Cytosine

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15
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

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16
Q

How many substrates does one enzyme work with?

A

1 because enzymes are specific

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17
Q

What is amylase specific to?

A

Starch

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18
Q

What are the 5 functions of proteins?

A 
Structural - Shape
Hormones - Messengers
Antibodies - Protect
Receptors - Receive signals
Enzymes - Speed up reactions
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19
Q

What is the optimum?

A

The conditions in which an enzyme works best.

20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration.

21
Q

What is an example of a molecule which diffuses?

A

Glucose

22
Q

What is plasmolysed?

A

When the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

23
Q

What is the formula for working out the size of a cell?

A

Field of view
————————- = Length of 1 cell (mm)
Number of cells

24
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

Celluulose

25
Q

What is the cell membrne?

A

The thin flexible membrane which encloses the cell contents.

26
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to a area of low concentration.

27
Q

What is the % Mass Formula?

A

Change in mass
———————— x100
Initial mass

28
Q

What are the effects of osmosis on plant cells?

A

Dilute = Turgid
No Effect = Same
Concentrated = Flaccid

29
Q

What are the effects of Osmosis in animal cells?

A

Distilled water = Cells swells and bursts

Concentrated slat = Shrink and shrivel

30
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. This process requires energy.

31
Q

What is an example a molecule that uses of osmosis?

A

Water

32
Q

What is a cell membrane made of?

A

A bi-layer of phospholipids with proteins

33
Q

What is the function of a capsule?

A

Provides additional protection from the environment.

34
Q

What is an example of something active transport?

A

Sodium and potassium

35
Q

What are 3 examples of Genetic engineering?

A
  • Insulin.
  • Delay softening of fruits.
  • rapeseed oil - becomes less toxic
36
Q

How many ATP molecules does glucose release during Aerobic respiration?

A

38 ATP

37
Q

What is the pathway of Fermentation?

A

Pyruvate ——–> Ethanol and CO2 OR Lactace

(Plant and Fungal) (Animal)

38
Q

What is Genetic Engineering?

A

It is the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another.

39
Q

What is the word equation of Glucose?

A

Glucose ——-> Pyruvate ——–> Ethanol & CO2

40
Q

What is the word equation of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen ——–> Water + CO2

Energy

41
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced during fermentation?

A

2

42
Q

What are the 8 stages of genetic engineering?

A
  • Identify DNA.
  • Extract .
  • Collect bacteria.
  • Remove plasmid.
  • Insert the different enzyme.
  • Put the plasmid in the host.
  • Allow to multiply.
  • Extract and Purify.
43
Q

What is transformed?

A

A cell that has been introduced

44
Q

What is insulin?

A

A valuable product made by transformed bacteria

45
Q

What is the word equation for ATP?

A

ADP + Pi ATP

N5 Biology (3 decks)

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