Unit 1 Building a Nation - Ch 1 Flashcards
What reasons existed for settling the 13 colonies?
religious freedom, economic opportunities, and political liberty.
who was John Winthrop
The chief figure among the Puritan founders of New England
who was Anne Hutchinson
One of the earliest American feminists, challenged male authority
What were the ideas of John Locke?
all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property
what was the Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals in American Christian history.
who was George Whitfield
George Whitfield, was an English Anglican minister and preacher who was one of the founders of Methodism and the evangelical movement.
what was the french-indian war
the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War.
What were the causes of the American Revolution?
British attempts to assert greater control over colonial affairs after having long adhered to a policy of salutary neglect
What was the Stamp Act
The act required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards.
who was Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was an Founding Father president of the United States and was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
What principles for the country were outlined in the Declaration of Independence
all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
what ideas of john locke were used in the declaration of independence
assertion of natural individual rights and its grounding of political authority in the consent of the governed
who was the author of the declaration of independence
Thomas Jefferson
What were some weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
Congress commanded little respect and no support from state governments anxious to maintain their power
three-fifths compromise
three out of every five slaves were counted when determining a state’s total population for legislative representation and taxation
The Great Compromise
provided for a bicameral legislature, with representation in the House of Representatives according to population and in the Senate by equal numbers for each state
What basic difference existed between Federalists and Anti Federalists?
While the Federalists argued for a stronger national government, the Anti-Federalists defended a vision of America rooted in powerful states.
How many states were needed to ratify the Constitution?
nine of the thirteen State legislatures
What are the constitutional principles?
checks and balances, federalism, limited government, popular sovereignty, republicanism, and separation of powers
What are the three branches of our government?
legislative, executive and judicial.
What are some examples of checks and balances that exist in the Constitution?
The legislative branch makes laws, but the President in the executive branch can veto those laws with a Presidential Veto.
How did the cotton gin change the economy of the south?
cotton became the top cash crop in the South causing more slavery
What constitutional principle was established with Marbury v. Madison?
judicial review
who was Andrew Jackson
seventh President of the United States
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine warned European nations not to interfere in the Americas, declaring the Western Hemisphere closed to colonization.
What was the outcome of the 2000 presidential election?
George W. Bush vs Al Gore. Gerorgw W. Bush was declared the winner with 271 electoral votes to Gore’s 266.
What is the difference between an electoral vote and popular vote?
The popular vote is the total number of votes cast by citizens in an election, counted nationwide. The electoral vote comes from the Electoral College, where each state gets a set number of electors based on its population, and the winner of each state typically receives all of its electoral votes.
What were the goals of Osama bin Laden?
Osama bin laden targets American civilians, in retaliation against U.S. troops indiscriminately attacking Muslims. He asserted that this policy could deter U.S. troops from targeting Muslim women and children.
Why did Osama bin Laden target civilians?
He targeted civilians because he said that the people paying taxes supported the attacks of muslims so he was just attacking them back
What is the name of the terrorist organization Osama bin laden led?
al-Qaeda
What were the US government responses to the attacks on 9/11?
develop a security framework to protect our country from large-scale attacks
What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points
a vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again
Why did Congress not ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
The treaty of Versailles established the League of Nations that would give the League’s Council control over U.S. war powers.
what is Self-determination in history
a nation with similar political ambitions to create its own independent government or state
what is reparations in history
a levy on a defeated country forcing it to pay some of the war costs of the winning countries
What are some examples of changes that occurred in American society in the years after 9/11?
the federal government moved quickly to develop a security framework to protect our country from large-scale attacks directed from abroad
What were the goals when the US invaded Afghanistan
to dismantle al-Qaeda, and to deny Islamist militants a safe base of operations
Who was the Taliban?
The Taliban is a Islamist nationalist that ruled most of Afghanistan
Who was Saddam Hussein?
Saddam Hussein was an Iraqi politician and president of Iraq
What are WMD’s?
Weapon of mass destruction
What were some successes and failures of Bush’s second term as president?
During his second term, Bush reached multiple free trade agreements
False Premise for Going to War
What caused the economic recession at the end of Bush’s second term?
significant income tax cuts the implementation of Medicare increased military spending for two wars
What is the difference between “old immigration” and “new immigration” in the 19th century?
old immigration originated in northern and western Europe. The new immigration originated from southern and eastern Europe
What were some problems with industrialization in the late 19th century?
pollution, deplorable working and living conditions, and child labor
How did Teddy Roosevelt become President?
the assassination of President W McKinley
Socialism
the state or government would determine what was produced, by whom, where it was produced, and for what price
Who was Eugene Debs
Eugene Victor Debs was one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World,
Anarchism
Anarchism is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions
What changes were made by the Progressive amendments
16th Amendment gave Congress the power to impose an income tax; 17th Amendment required the direct election of senators; 18th Amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages; and. 19th amendment gave women the right to vote.
What were the causes of World War I?
imperialism, militarism, nationalism
What incident triggered the beginning of WW I?
a young Serbian patriot shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand
the difference between the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance
The Triple Entente members were Russia, France, and Great Britain. The Triple Alliance was between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
the difference between the The Central Powers and Allied Powers
The Allies Great Britain, United States, and the Soviet Union Central Powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.
what was the main reason the us entered ww1
Wilson cited Germany’s violation of its pledge to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare
Sussex Pledge
Germany would not sink passenger ships without warning during World War I
The War Industries Board
to regulate production and manufacturing, as well as allocation of wartime goods.
The Espionage and Sedition Acts
The Act made it a crime to convey information intended to interfere with the war effort
The Selective Service Act (conscription)
authorized the Federal Government to temporarily expand the military through a draft
Charles Schenck - What was the outcome of the court case US vs. Schenck?
The Court held that the Espionage Act did not violate the First Amendment and was an appropriate exercise of Congress’ wartime authority.
Liberty bonds
sold in the United States to support the Allied cause in World War I.
The NWLB
authority to “finally determine” any labor dispute which threatened to interrupt war production, and to stabilize union wages
The Great Migration
the promise of non-agricultural work, higher wages, educational opportunities, and an escape from racial violence led six million courageous Black Americans to uproot their entire lives and migrate to industrial cities in the West and North.
Red Scare
Red Scare was “a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent
J. Edgar Hoover
served as the fifth and final Director of the Bureau of Investigation and the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
A. Mitchell Palmer
overseeing the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare of 1919–20.
The Palmer Raids
The Palmer Raids were a series of raids by the United States Department of Justice under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson to capture and arrest suspected socialists,
Bull market
A bull market happens when stock prices have gone up from the previous low for a sustained period of time
margin
Buying a stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest
Stock Market Crash of 1929
a sharp decline in U.S. stock market values in 1929 that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s
How did bank failures contribute to the Great Depression?
bank runs caused a contraction of the money supply, causes a decline in spending, investing, and GDP.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
enacted to protect U.S. farmers from foreign competition by increasing tariffs on certain foreign goods.
What did farmers do in response to a drop in prices and demand for their crops?
When prices fell they tried to produce even more to pay their debts, taxes and living expenses. In the early 1930s prices dropped so low that many farmers went bankrupt and lost their farms.
Hoovervilles
shanty towns built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States.
What caused the Dust Bowl?
low crop prices and high machinery costs,
What was the first feature-length animated film?
Snow white and the 7 dwarves
Bonus Army
a gathering of World War I veterans in Washington, D.C. They marched to Washington, D.C. to try to persuade the government to issue the bonuses that they were promised for fighting in WWI early, rather than in 1945
John Steinbeck
John Ernst Steinbeck was an American writer. He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature “for his realistic and imaginative writings he made mice and men
Dorthea Lange
worked for a government program that documented relief sent to farmers who had been hit hard by the collapse of the U.S. economy.
Why did Hoover oppose the federal government’s
He believed that only state and city governments should dole out relief
Emergency Quota Act/National Origins Act How did these laws determine who immigrated to the US?
people from Northern and Western Europe had a higher quota and were more likely to be admitted to the US than those from Eastern or Southern Europe or from non-European countries
What did The New Morality of the 1920’s glorify?
all individuals are entitled to freedom and equality
Harlem Renaissance
“New Negro” movement as its participants celebrated African heritage and embraced self expression rejecting long standing and often degrading stereotypes
The Cotton Club
legendary nightspot in the Harlem district of New York City
who was Charles Lindbergh
he made the first nonstop flight from New York City to Paris the first solo transatlantic flight
Babe Ruth
George Herman “Babe” Ruth was an American professional baseball player
How did the Sacco-Vanzetti case reflect the prejudices and fears of the early 1920’s?
personified the targets of the Red Scare: immigrants and radicals
What were the major beliefs of the Fundamentalists?
keeping with traditional Christian ideas and the role of the church in society.
Why did artists like Ernest Hemingway move to Paris?
the hotspot of expression and instrument of artistic direction.
Duke Ellington
Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington was an American jazz pianist, composer, and leader of his eponymous jazz orchestra
Marcus Garvey
founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association
Jack Dempsey
US heavyweight boxing champion
How did mass media like the radio, help unify the nation?
brought the emotional impact of traumatic events home to the listening public in a way that gave the nation a sense of unity.
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic Party, running three times as the party’s nominee for President of the United States in the elections.
Clarence Darrow
his role in the Scopes monkey trial of 1925 and other major cases of his day
Flappers
embracing freedom from traditional societal constraint
Warren Harding
A member of the Republican Party, he was one of the most popular sitting U.S. presidents while in office.
Return to Normalcy
“Return to normalcy” was a campaign slogan used by Warren G. Harding
How did Calvin Coolidge become president?
Harding’s death in 1923, after which he assumed the presidency.
What was the role of government in business according to Calvin Coolidge?
a minimal role in managing business
Henry Ford
make owning a car both practical and affordable
Albert B. Fall
became infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal; he was the only person convicted as a result of the affair.
Teapot Dome Scandal
A cabinet official took money from a business in exchange for a no-bid contract
The Ohio Gang
a gang of politicians and industry leaders closely surrounding Warren G. Harding
Installment Debt
a loan that is repaid by the borrower in regular installments.
The Consumer Revolution
An increased supply of consumer goods from England that became available in the eighteenth century
buying on margin
borrowing money from a broker to purchase stock
Assembly Line Production
a series of individual workers assembling a product, each performing a specific task in a particular sequence.
Welfare Capitalism
capitalism that includes social welfare policies and/or the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees
Isolationism
a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.
What were supposed to be some benefits of Prohibition?
protect individuals and families from the “scourge of drunkenness.”
