unit 1: biochemistry - proteins, nucleic acid

Question 1

monomer unit of protein

Answer 1

amino acid

Question 2

what bond forms when 2 amino acids join together?

Answer 2

peptide bond

Question 3

4 structures of protein

Answer 3

1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
4. quaternary

Question 4

what is a primary structure? type of bond?

Answer 4

• linear chain of amino acids (polypeptide)
• peptide bonds

Question 5

what is a secondary structure? type of bond?

Answer 5

• spiraling or bending peptide bond
• hydrogen bond

Question 6

what is a tertiary structure? type of bond?

Answer 6

-alpha helix & pleated sheets twist & fold into 3-D shapes
- ionic bond/hydrogen bond/disulfide bridges/hydrophobic interactions

Question 7

what is a quaternary structure? type of bond?

Answer 7

• two or more polypeptides are fitted together in specific 3-D shape to form large protein
• ionic bond/hydrogen bond/disulfide bridges/hydrophobic interactions

Question 8

functions of protein

Answer 8

1. enzymes
2. structural proteins
3. contractile proteins
4. hormons
5. transport proteins
6. toxins
7. storage proteins
8. immunological proteins

Question 9

enzymes

Answer 9

amylase - digests starch into proteins
- globular

Question 10

structural protein

Answer 10

keratin (hair/nails), collagen (skin), fibrin (blood)
- fibrous

Question 11

contractile proteins

Answer 11

actin/myosin - strained molecules
- fibrous

Question 12

hormons

Answer 12

insulin/glucagon - regulates blood sugars
- globular

Question 13

transport proteins

Answer 13

hemoglobin - carries oxygen & carbon dioxide in blood
- globular

Question 14

toxins

Answer 14

neurotoxins - blocks nerve function
- globular

Question 15

storage proteins

Answer 15

ferritin - stores iron in the spleen
- globular

Question 16

immunological proteins

Answer 16

globulins - form complexes with foreign proteins
- globular

Question 17

2 shapes of protein

Answer 17

1. globular
2. fibrous

Question 18

globular

Answer 18

• functional proteins
• round
• irregular amino acid chain
• more sensitive
• soluble

Question 19

fibrous

Answer 19

• structural proteins
• long/narrow
• repetitive amino acid chain
• less sensitive
• insoluble

Question 20

what is denaturing?

Answer 20

process modifying molecular structure of protein

Question 21

how is denaturing beneficial?

Answer 21

when cooking meat, makes them easier to digest

Question 22

how is denaturing harmful?

Answer 22

when straightening hair, leads to loss of protein function

Question 23

essential amino acids

Answer 23

8, obtained through diet

Question 24

non-essential amino acids

Answer 24

12, manufactured by body

Question 25

monomer unit of nucleic acid

Answer 25

nucleotides

Question 26

groups nucleotides consists of..

Answer 26

1. phosphate group 2. pentose sugar 3. nitrogenous base

Question 27

molecules nucleic acids make up..

Answer 27

DNA & RNA

Question 28

DNA

Answer 28

- deoxyribose sugar - double stranded helix - forms genetic make up - contains thymine

Question 29

RNA

Answer 29

- ribose sugar - single stranded alpha helix - turns genetic info. into protein - contains uracil

Question 30

nitrogenous bases

Answer 30

purines & pyrimidines

Question 31

purines

Answer 31

- double ringed - adenine & guanine

Question 32

pyrimidines

Answer 32

- single ringed - thymine, cytosine, uracil

Question 33

functions of nucleic acids

Answer 33

- informational macromolecules - determining structural & functional characteristics - store & transfer genetic information - DNA & RNA

Question 34

antiparallel

Answer 34

parallel but running in opposite direction

Question 35

5' location

Answer 35

located at free phosphate

Question 36

3' location

Answer 36

located at free hydroxyl

Question 37

bonding in DNA

Answer 37

- glycosyl bond - hydrogen bonds - phosphodiester bond

Question 38

nitrogenous base pairs

Answer 38

adenine --- thymine , uracil guanine --- cytosine