unit 1: biochemistry - bonding, carbohydrates, lipids

Question 1

chemical bonds

Answer 1

atoms link tg to form compounds or molecules, referred as intramolecular forces

Question 2

sharing electrons=

Answer 2

covalent compound

Question 3

losing/gaining electrons=

Answer 3

ionic compounds

Question 4

electronegativity

Answer 4

the measure of attraction that the atom has for electrons in a bond

Question 5

types of intramolecular forces

Answer 5

1. ionic bonds
2. covalent bonds

Question 6

ionic bonds

Answer 6

• occurs between metal and non-metal
• M donates 1+ electrons to NM with a higher electronegativity

Question 7

covalent bonds

Answer 7

• 1+ valence electrons are shared between atoms (2 NM)
• polar / non-polar covalent

Question 8

polar

Answer 8

unequal distribution of charges across the molecule (water)

Question 9

non-polar

Answer 9

the charge across the molecule is neutral (chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen)

Question 10

intermolecular forces

Answer 10

bonds that occur between molecules not atoms
1. london forces
2. dipole-dipole forces
3. hydrogen bonds

Question 11

london forces

Answer 11

exists between all molecules & holds non-polar molecules tg

Question 12

dipole-dipole forces

Answer 12

hold polar molecules tg

Question 13

hydrogen bonds

Answer 13

occurs between polar molecules that have H’s bonded with N, O, F

Question 14

hydrogen bonding & biological functions

Answer 14

1. holding backbone of DNA tg
2. bonds nitrogenous bases in the ‘rungs’ portion of DNA
3. provide proteins
4. responsible for 3D shape/function

Question 14

hydrogen bonding & water

Answer 14

1. cohesion - water molecules are attracted to other water molecules, causing them to stick
2. adhesion - water molecules are attracted to other substances

Question 15

chemical reaction

Answer 15

breaking/formation of chemical bonds between atoms/molecules

Question 16

types of chemical reactions

Answer 16

1. dehydration
2. hydrolysis
3. neutralization
4. redox

Question 17

dehydration reaction

Answer 17

• aka condensation reaction
• aka synthesis
• ex. formation of triglycerides from fatty acids

Question 18

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 18

• aka decomposition
• ex. building complementary DNA strands

Question 19

neutralization reaction

Answer 19

• reaction where acids & bases are combined to form water & salt
• ex. taking tums after eating a highly acidic dinner

Question 20

redox reaction

Answer 20

• reaction where electrons are transferred from one atom to another
• reduction/oxidation
• ex. light dependent reactions during photosynthesis

Question 21

OIL RIG

Answer 21

oxidized is losing
reduced is gaining

Question 22

carbon chemistry

Answer 22

made of carbon & hydrogen backbone (linear, branched, ring shaped)

Question 23

polymers & monomers

Answer 23

large macromolecules made of smaller repeating units called monomers
ex. proteins are long chains of amino acids

Question 24

types of macromolecules

Answer 24

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. protein
4. nucleic acids

Question 25

catabolic reactions

Answer 25

attaching smaller molecules tg
dehydration/condensation

Question 26

anabolic reactions

Answer 26

larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
hydrolysis

Question 27

what are carbohydrates

Answer 27

sugars & starches
1. main energy source for body
2. building materials for cell
3. communication between cells
4. structural component of plants
5. exoskeleton of insects/crustations

Question 28

carbohydrate structure

Answer 28

made up of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 29

monosaccharides

Answer 29

smallest carbohydrates, referred as simple sugars
1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose

Question 30

Ɑ

Answer 30

alpha-glucose

Question 31

β

Answer 31

beta-glucose

Question 32

ABBA

Answer 32

Alpha Below Beta Above

Question 33

disaccharides

Answer 33

1. maltose
2. sucrose
3. lactose

Question 34

what makes maltose

Answer 34

glucose + glucose = maltose

Question 35

what makes sucrose

Answer 35

glucose + fructose = sucrose (+water)

Question 36

what makes lactose

Answer 36

galactose + glucose = lactose (+water)

Question 37

polysaccharides

Answer 37

complex carbohydrates & are long chains of monosaccharides
1. energy storage
2. structural components
——————————————————
1.starch a)amylose b)amylopectin
2. glycogen
3. cellulose

Question 38

starch

Answer 38

main unit of energy in plants

Question 39

amylose

Answer 39

linear chain of alpha glucose molecules

Question 40

amylopectin

Answer 40

found in starch form long chain made of alpha glucose molecules

Question 41

glycogen

Answer 41

energy in animals

Question 42

cellulose

Answer 42

structural component of cell walls