Unit 1: Basic Cell Processes; Integration and Coordination Flashcards
Physiology:
study of normal function of a living organism and its component parts
Physiology includes both the […] and […] processes and literally means the […].
chemical; physical; “knowledge of nature”
Emergent properties:
properties that cannot be predicted to exist based on the system’s individual components
What does the suffix term “ome” mean?
refers to a collection of items that make up a whole
What does the suffix term “omics” mean?
describes the research related to studying an “ome”
Circulatory system contains…
heart, blood vessels, blood
The circulatory system […] of materials between […].
transport; all cells of the body
Digestive system contains…
stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
The digestive system […] into particles that can be […] into the body, it also […].
converts food; transported; elimination
Endocrine system contains…
thyroid gland and adrenal gland
The endocrine system […] through synthesis and release of […].
coordinates body function; regulatory mechanisms
Immune system includes…
thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
The immune system […].
defends against foreign invaders
Urinary system includes…
kidneys and bladder
The urinary system maintains […] in the internal environment, it also […].
maintains water and solutes; eliminates waste
Function + Mechanism =
translational research
What are the five major themes in physiology?
- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ARE CLOSELY RELATED: structure and function across all levels or organization
- LIVING ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY: energy transfer, storage, and use
- INFORMATION FLOW COORDINATES BODY FUNCTIONS: information flow, storage, and use within single organisms and with a species of organisms
- HOMEOSTASIS MAINTAINS INTERNAL STABILITY: homeostasis and control systems that maintain it
- evolution
Molecule function depends on its […] and […]
size; shape
The most significant molecular reactions occur with…
proteins
What are some functional groups of proteins?
enzymes, signal molecules, receptor proteins
List the mechanical properties of cells/tissues:
- compliance– ability to stretch
- elastance– stiffness or ability to return to the unstretched states
- strength
- flexibility
- fluidity (viscosity)– resistance to flow
What is the benefit of compartmentation?
allows a cell, tissue, or organ to form discrete functional compartments
At the macroscopic level of compartmentation…
tissues can form body cavities or the insides of hollow organs
At the microscopic level of compartmentation…
the cell membrane separates cell form the fluid surrounding them and organelles
Theme 2: There is always a […] required for an organism’s processes.
continuous input of energy
Homeostasis is regulation of the […]. Organisms survive through […] by maintaining […].
internal environment; external variability; stability
Pathophysiology:
study of body functions in a disease state
What are the 2 categories of disease?
- Internal
2. External
What are some normal, internal physiological processes that can fail leading to disease?
abnormal growth of cells
production of antibodies by the body against its own tissues
premature death of cells
Xenobiotic:
any foreign substance in the body
What is the transitional from each cell compartment? What is the area also called?
ECF; buffer zone
Law of Mass Balance Formula:
Total amount in the body = Intake + Production - Excretion - Metabolism
Metabolite:
any product created in a metabolic pathway
Mass Flow is a formula to follow […].
material throughout the body
What can Mass Flow apply to?
entry, production, removal of substances; movement of substances from one compartment to another
Mass Flow Formula:
Mass Flow = Concentration of x * Volume Flow
Clearance Formula:
volume of blood cleared of substance x per unit of time
What are the primary organs that clear solutes from the body?
- liver
2. kidney
Hepatocytes:
liver cells
Hepatocytes […] many different types of molecules, especially […] such as drugs.
metabolize; xenobiotics
Liver cells that travel to the blood get excreted by…
the kidney
Liver cells that travel to the intestines get excreted by…
feces
T/F: Can tissues clear substances from the body?
true
What can be cleared through tissues?
- saliva
- sweat
- breast milk*
- hair
**dangerous
Salivary secretion of […] which is a noninvasive […] for monitoring […].
cortisol; source hormone; chronic stress
Explain garlic or alcohol breath?
it is within the blood that passes into the airways and are exhaled
Homeostasis is the stability of the internal environment, so the stability of the…
ECF
Why is the ECF and not the ICF the area of homeostasis?
it can be but the ECF is much more easy to follow
How can the ECF be followed?
monitored through the plasma of the blood
Blood is separated into what two parts?
- plasma– fluid component (ECF)
2. heavier blood cells
Dynamic steady-state: the condition of […] compartments is […] in a […].
both; relatively stable; continuous flow
Equilibrium vs. Disequilibrium:
body compartments are identical while in equilibrium while the body composition in disequilibrium is different
What does homeostasis try to aim for? Equilibrium or Disequilibrium?
disequilibrium
The ECF ion concentrations are mainly:
Na and Cl
The ICF concentrations are mainly:
K
What are two of the key functions that are monitored by the human body?
- blood pressure
2. blood glucose concentration
How are functions like BP and BG regulated (2)?
by two physiological control mechanisms:
- local control
- long-distance reflex control
Local control is [..] and is restricted to the […].
simple; cell or tissue involved
In local control, what occurs to the surroundings?
nearby cells sense change and respond via chemical release
Relaxation of muscles […] the blood vessel.
widens or dilates
Reflex control uses […] this causes […] that required more […] control systems to maintain homeostasis.
long-distance signaling; widespread systemic changes; complex
Reflex control can be found in any […] distance pathway that uses the […] or both.
long; nervous or endocrine system
A physiological reflex can be broken down into two parts:
- a response loop- input signal/integrating center/output signal
- a feedback loop
Sensitivity:
how well an integrating center succeed in maintaining stability
What’s a body process that is very sensitive?
blood concentration
once the BC increases by 3% water is activated
What’s a body process that is not sensitive?
low oxygen levels
only when the O2 in blood is decreased by 40% will there be a response
T/F: A system can’t be under dual control.
false; two branches of the nervous system or two different hormones can have opposing effects
think of a heating and air-conditioning
Dual control of a system can be referred as […].
antagonistic control
freebee
hehe
Which feedback loops are homeostatic? How? The result?
negative
opposes or removes the signal
regulated variable oscillates the setpoint
In a PFL, the response […] rather than decreasing or removing. It is […] and requires outside […].
reinforces stimulant; temporarily out of control; intervention to stop it.
Example of PFL:
oxytocin release; uterine contractions during childbirth
Biorhythms:
regulated variables that change predictably and create repeating patterns or cycles of change
Biorhythms coincide with […] such as […] or […].
environmental changes; day/night cycles; seasons
What is the primary example of biorhythms?
circadian rhythms
What are circadian rhythms involved in (regarding body functions)?
BP, BT, metabolic processes
When does our BT peak? When does it decline dramatically?
late afternoon
early hours of the morning
What is up with “morning people”?
have temperature rhythms cause body temperature to climb before they wake up
they are better prepared
If a patient has a suspected abnormality in hormone secretion what is it important to know? Why?
when hormone levels are measured
many hormones in humans have blood concentrations that fluctuate predictably in a 24 hr cycle
To avoid errors due to circadian fluctuations…
collect information for a full day and calculate an average value over 24 hours
Acclimatization:
natural adaptation of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions
Acclimation:
acclimatization that artificially occurs, like within a laboratory setting
Independent variable:
the altered variable; the essential part of an observed phenomenon
Dependent variable:
observed variable that depends on the manipulated variable
Experimental control:
control group that is usually a duplicate of the experimental group in every aspect except for the independent variable is not changed from its initial value
Replication:
step in hypothesis where the experiment should be repeated to ensure that the results were not an unusual one-time event
Multiple experiments support a hypothesis, this turns into a […]. A model with substantial evidence from multiple investigators supporting it may become a […].
a working model; scientific theory
What makes experimental studies done of humans difficult?
variability
it’s impossible to find two groups of people identical in every respect
How could you reduce variability within a human experiment?
crossover study
Crossover study:
each individual acts as both the experimental and control subject
Crossover study: an individual’s response can be…
compared with his/her own control value
What do the nocebo and placebo effects show?
the ability of our minds to alter the physiological functioning of our bodies
Nocebo effect:
“to do harm”
awareness of a drugs adverse effects leads to a higher incidence of them occuring
Most effective way to avoid placebo/nocebo effect:
double-blind studies
Double-blind crossover study:
control group in the first and half of the experiment becomes the experimental group in the second half
Longitudinal studies:
Give an example of one still continuing on today.
studies designed to be carried out for a long period of time
Framingham Heart Study
Cross-sectional studies: […] a population for a […]. Data identifies […] to be investigated further, such as which […] or […]. is associated with a high risk.
surveys; prevalence of a disease/condition; trends; age groups; socioeconomic status
Retrospective studies: […] groups of people who all have […] to a similar but […]. The goal is to determine whether the development can be associated with […].
match; disease; relatively healthy control group; particular variable
How do scientists attempt to resolve contradictory results?
meta-analysis of the data
Meta-analysis:
combined data of similar group studies analyzed through statistical techniques to extract significant trends
