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Physiology > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

What brain structures initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses?

A
  1. hypothalamus (HPT)
  2. pons
  3. medulla
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2
Q

Sensory Input can either go to…

1.
2.

A
  1. hypothalamic sensors

2. somatic and visceral sensory neurons

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3
Q

Sensory Input—Hypothalamic sensors—[…]

A

pons, medulla, hypothalamus

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4
Q

Sensory Input—Hypothalamic Sensors—P/M/HPT—[…]

1.
2.

A
  1. autonomic/endocrine/behavioral responses

2. limbic system, cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Sensory Input—Somatic and visceral sensory neurons— […]

1.
2.

A
  1. P/M/HPT

2. limbic system, cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Sensory Input—Somatic and visceral sensory neurons— limbic system, cerebral cortex—[…]

1.
2.

A
  1. behavioral response

2. P/M/HPT

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7
Q

Physiology depends on […] control.

A

top-down

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8
Q

Sensory neurons are […] and handle […] signals.

A

afferent; incoming

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9
Q

Motor neurons are […] and handle […] signals.

A

efferent; outgoing

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10
Q

Can there be mixed fibers?

A

yes, only in a bundle with some sensory and some mixed BUT there is no such thing as dual fibers

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11
Q

Stimulus processing that is usually conscious is due to stimuli brought by…

A

the special senses or somatic senses

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12
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  1. vision
  2. hearing
  3. taste
  4. smell
  5. equilibrium
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13
Q

What are somatic senses?

A
  1. touch
  2. temperature
  3. pain
  4. itch
  5. proprioception**

**awareness of body location/movement

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14
Q

Stimulus processing usually subconscious is due to stimuli brought by…

A

somatic stimuli or visceral stimuli

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15
Q

What are examples of somatic stimuli?

A
  1. muscle length and tension

2. proprioception

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16
Q

What are some examples of visceral stimuli (8)?

A
  1. blood pressure
  2. distension of GI tract
  3. blood glucose concentration
  4. internal body temperature
  5. osmolarity of body fluids
  6. lung inflation
  7. pH of CSF
  8. pH of O2 content in blood
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17
Q

What are the types of sensory receptors (list examples)?

A
  1. chemoreceptors (O2, pH, organic molecules)
  2. mechanoreceptors (baroreceptors–pressure, osmoreceptors—cell stretch, vibration, acceleration, sound)
  3. photoreceptors (photons of light)
  4. thermoreceptors (varying degrees of heat)
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18
Q

What determines the response of the ANS?

A

on the incoming sensory information

the type of receptor

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19
Q

What are some types of receptors that transmit sensory information to the ANS?

A
  1. simple receptors
  2. complex neural receptors
  3. special senses receptors
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20
Q

Describe a simple receptor:

A

neurons with free nerve endings and axons either myelinated or unmyelinated

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21
Q

Describe a complex neural receptor:

A

nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules

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22
Q

A Pacinian corpuscle is an example of a […] receptor. It senses […].

A

complex neural; touch

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23
Q

Describe a special senses receptor:

A

cells that release NT onto sensory neurons initiating AP

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24
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Origin.

A

S: thoracic and lumbar segments (T1-T12; L1-2)

P: brainstem and sacral segments (pons, medulla; S2-4)

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25
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Ganglion location.

A

S: close to spinal cord

P: on or close to targets

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26
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Pathway

A

S: short preganglionic, long postganglionic neurons

P: long preganglionic, short postganglionic neurons

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27
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Pupil response.

A

S: pupil dilates

P: pupil constricts

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28
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Salivary gland response.

A

S: mucus and enzymes secreted

P: watery secretion

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29
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Heart response.

A

S: increased heart rate and contractility

P: slows heart rate

30
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Lung response.

A

S: relaxes airway

P: constricts airway

31
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Liver response.

A

S: inhibits digestion

P: increases bile secretion

32
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Stomach response.

A

S: inhibits digestion

P: increases motility and secretion

33
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Intestine response.

A

S: inhibits digestion

P: increases motility and secretion

34
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Pancreas response.

A

S: decreases enzymes* and insulin**

P: release enzyme* and insulin**

  • = exocrine
    • = endocrine
35
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Kidney response.

A

S: increases renin secretion

36
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Urinary bladder response.

A

S: relaxes bladder

P: release of urine

37
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Penis response.

A

S: induces ejaculation

P: induces erection

38
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Uterus response.

A

S: stimulates contraction

P: engorgement and secretions

39
Q

The vagus nerve (X) is part of the […] portion of the ANS. It controls the […] organs such as…

A

parasympathetic; peripheral

  1. lungs
  2. liver
  3. stomach
  4. intestines
  5. pancreas
40
Q

Autonomic pathways consist of […] neurons that synapse in an […].

A

2; autonomic ganglion

41
Q

Sympathetic pathways utilize what NT?

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

42
Q

Parasympathetic pathways utilize what NT?

A

acetylcholine

43
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Receptor subtypes.

A

S: alpha/beta adrenergic

P: nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic

44
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Precursor.

A

S: tyrosine

P: Acetyl CoA + choline

45
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Inactivation enzyme.

A

S: MOA (uptake at synapse)

P: acetylcholinesterase (enzymatic breakdown)

46
Q

Exceptions of ANS:

A

adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine into the blood

47
Q

Adrenal glands are located on the […]. The […] is a true endocrine gland. The […] is a modified sympathetic ganglion. The […] is a modified postganglionic sympathetic neuron.

A

kidneys; cortex; medulla; chromaffin

48
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Adrenal Medulla response.

A

S only: secretes catecholamines (NE, DA, ACh)

49
Q

Alpha receptor on heart […] veins while beta […].

A

constricts; dilates

50
Q

Somatic motor control is also known as…

A

skeletal muscle

51
Q

The neuromuscular junction consists of…

A
  1. axon terminals
  2. motor end plates on the muscle membrane
  3. Schwann cell sheaths
52
Q

Motor end plate:

A

region of muscle membrane that contains high concentrations of ACh receptors

53
Q

What occurs if an AP arrives at an NMJ’s axon?

A

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and release synaptic vesicles containing ACh into the synaptic cleft

54
Q

After ACh is released into the synaptic cleft of the NMJ axon terminal…

A
  1. the nicotinic cholinergic receptor binds two ACh molecules opening a nonspecific monovalent cation channel
  2. channel allows Na+ and K+ ions to pass
  3. Na+ influx depolarizes the muscle fiber
55
Q

Autonomic […] release NT over the surface of target cells.

A

varicosities

56
Q

NE receptors are also known […] receptors.

A

adrenergic

57
Q

List the adrenergic receptors:

A
  1. alpha1
  2. alpha2
  3. beta1
  4. beta2
  5. beta3
58
Q

Alpha1 receptors are found in…

A

most sympathetic target tissue

59
Q

Alpha2 receptors are found in…

A

GI tract and pancreas

60
Q

Beta1 receptors are found in…

A

heart muscle and kidney

61
Q

Beta2 receptors are found in…

A

certain blood vessels and smooth muscle organs

62
Q

Beta3 receptors are found in…

A

adipose tissue

63
Q

Sensitivity of adrenergic receptors:

A

alpha1: NE > E
alpha2: NE > E
beta1: NE = E
beta2: E > NE
beta3: NE > E

64
Q

Adrenergic receptors effect on second messenger:

A

alpha1: increases IP3 and intracellular Ca2+; increases PCK
alpha2: decreases cAMP

beta1/2/3: increases cAMP

65
Q

List the cholinergic receptors:

A
  1. Nn
  2. Nm
  3. M1, M3, M5
  4. M2, M4
66
Q

Nn receptors are found in the…

A

postganglionic autonomic neurons

67
Q

Nm receptors are found in…

A

skeletal muscle

68
Q

M1, M3, M5 receptors are found in…

A

the nervous system and parasympathetic target tissues

69
Q

M2 and M4 receptors are found in…

A

the nervous system and parasympathetic target tissues

70
Q

Cholinergic receptors effects on second messengers:

A

Nn, Nm: opens nonspecific monovalent cation channels

M1, M3, M5: increases IP3 and intracellular Ca2+, increases PKC

M2 and M4: decreases cAMP; opens K+ channels

Physiology (3 decks)

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