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physical education 1&2 > unit 1 aos 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 aos 1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. body movement
  2. framework
  3. protection
  4. mineral storage
  5. production of red blood cells
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2
Q

how many bones are there?

A

206

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3
Q

what does the vertebral column consist of?

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacrum (fused)
4 coccyx (fused)
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4
Q

axial vs appendicular

A

axial provides the main support (cranium, ribcage, vertebrae, and pelvis) appendicular is the limbs and their girdles (femur, humerus, carpals etc)

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5
Q

types of joints (x3)

A

fibrous - immovable, offer no movement (cranium, coccyx, sacrum)
cartilaginous - slightly moveable and joined by cartilage (ribs attaching to sternum, lumbar vertebrae)
synovial - freely moveable, full ROM (hip, knee, elbow)

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6
Q

types of connective tissue (x3)

A

CARTILAGE - protection and cushioning at the end of the bones. reduce friction and absorb shock
LIGAMENT - cross over joints, connecting bone to bone. supply joint stability and prevent dislocation
TENDONS - connect muscle to bone. help muscle pull through the joint and on the bone. very strong

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7
Q

characteristic of a synovial joint (x5)

A
  • directly involved with producing skilled movement
  • free movement in at least one direction
  • cartilage offers protection and cushioning
  • synovial membrane acts as a lubricant
  • ligaments secure bones in place and allow controlled movement
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8
Q

ball and socket joint

A

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation

shoulder, hip

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9
Q

hinge joint

A

flexion, extension

knee, elbow

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10
Q

pivot joint

A

rotation

neck, wrist

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11
Q

saddle joint

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

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12
Q

gliding joint

A

gliding movements

carpals, tarsals

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13
Q

condyloid joint

A

all movement except for rotation

wrist

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14
Q

functions of the muscular system

A
  1. body movement
  2. adequate posture
  3. essential bodily functions
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15
Q

types of muscles

A

SKELETAL - attached to bones of the skeleton
SMOOTH - found in blood vessels + walls of intestines
CARDIAC - make up the walls of the heart

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16
Q

origin vs insertion

A

The origin is the site where the muscle attaches to the stable bone.
The insertion is the site where the muscle attaches to the bone that is being pulled by muscle action.

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17
Q

sprain vs strain

A

sPrain is damage to a ligament

sTrain is damage to muscle

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18
Q

fast-twitch 2A oxidative

A

partially aerobic

intermediate between slow and fast

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19
Q

fast-twitch 2B glycotic

A

anaerobic
white
(javelin, sprinting, weightlifters)

20
Q

slow-twitch type 1

A

aerobic and endurance
red
(triathlons, rowers, marathons)

21
Q

concentric

A

occur when the muscle length shortens while tension is developed (flexion phase of bicep curl)

22
Q

eccentric

A

muscle lengthens while tension is developed (extension phase of bicep curl)

23
Q

isoinertial

A

when the resistance against a muscle remains constant. the direction may change but the force does not (free weights)

24
Q

isokinetic

A

when the speed or velocity of the movement is held at a constant and so is the resistance provided (swimming, cybex machines)

25
Q

isometric

A

when muscle works against a force with no joint movement (plank, squat hold)

26
Q

agonist vs antagonist

A

agonist contracts to create joint movement

antagonist relaxes

27
Q

sarcomeres contain two protein filaments

A 
thin = actin
thick = myosin
28
Q

parts of the sarcomere

A

z line - used to indicate start and end of sarcomere
I band - only actin is found
a band - actin and myosin
h zone - only myosin, gap between ends of actin

29
Q

what happens to the sarcomere during contraction

A

z line - move closer together
i band - shortens
a band - does not change
h zone - disappears

30
Q

sliding filament theory summary

A

myosin binds to actin via cross bridges and the power stroke of the myosin head brings the z lines together shortening the sarcomere. every sarcomere along the muscle fibre shortens, leading the whole muscle to contract

31
Q

in-depth sliding filament

A
  1. Brain sends an action potential
  2. Nerve impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction, calcium is released
  3. The calcium moves the tropomyosin and exposes binding sites, allows myosin access to the actin.
  4. Myosin head binds to actin
  5. Breakdown of ATP (hydrolysis) enables cross bridges to attach to the actin filaments
  6. Cross bridges pull actin filaments to the centre of the sarcomere in a rowing action (the power stroke) and the sarcomere contracts
  7. Cross bridges continue to attach and detach, shortening the sarcomere
  8. Every sarcomere along the muscle fibre shortens, leading the whole muscle to contract.
32
Q

nervous control of muscular contraction

A
  1. sensory neurons help us detect our environment

2. motor neurons carry impulse to brain in response to environment

33
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron + the number of fibres it stimulates

34
Q

the size principle

A

When completing a fine movement, smaller motor units are recruited to control the movement with a smaller intricate force.
When greater force is required larger motor units are required and larger force increments occur

35
Q

the all or nothing principle

A

The all or nothing principle states that when the electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold, all of the fibres of that motor unit will contract at the same time and as forcefully as possible.
We can vary the intensity of muscular contractions by
1. varying the number of motor units stimulated
2. varying frequency at which impulses arrive at the motor unit

36
Q

preferential fibre recruitment

A

The intensity of a task will determine which muscle fibre type is preferentially recruited. If an immediate, rapid response is required, then fast-twitch fibres will be quickest to respond. Slow-twitch fibres are preferentially recruited when the event is of lower intensity.

37
Q

acute injuries

A

occur suddenly and usually without any warning
direct - result of external force (dislocated shoulder to tackling)
indirect - caused by sudden change in direction, intensity (hyperextended knee)

38
Q

overuse injuries

A

caused by excessive and repeated use of the same muscle, bone or joint, without sufficient recovery. (e.g shin splints, elbow tendinitis)

39
Q

chronic injury

A

tend to start out as an acute injury then re-occur as a result of re-injury through prolonged weakness or insufficient rehab

40
Q

osteoporosis and arthritis

A

osteoporosis - bones with holes. prevention includes calcium intake, weight-bearing activities, avoid smoking.

arthritis - inflammation in joints. difficulty doing everyday tasks. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common, in the hands.

41
Q

what makes a legal practice?

A
  • one that enhances performance and does not violate WADA code
  • does not threaten health and safety
  • provides measurable performance
42
Q

WADA and WASADA

A

World Anti Doping Agency

Australia’s Nation and Anti-Doping Agency

43
Q

legal methods of enhancing performance (x3)

A
  • TRAINING (benefits = muscle growth, increased range of movement. risks = injury, overtraining)
  • PROTEIN (benefits = increase muscle power and strength, greater fuel storage in muscles. risks = displace other nutrients, compromise bone density, weight gain)
  • CREATINE (benefits = enable athletes to train higher intensity, increased creatine phosphate store. risks = weight gain, cramping, dehydration)
44
Q

illegal methods of enhancing performance

A

anabolic steroids and human growth hormones

benefits

  • increased muscle mass/strength
  • reduced fatigue
  • reduced recovery time

risks

  • hypertension
  • fluid retention
45
Q

ethical considerations in performance-enhancing practise

A 
unfair advantage
cheating
access
financial support
diet
46
Q

sociocultural considerations in performance-enhancing practise

A

income
education
cultural norms

physical education 1&2 (8 decks)

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