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Psychology > Unit 1 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Typical behaviour

A

An activity that is consistent with how an individual usually behaves

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2
Q

Psychological development

A

an individual’s changes in functioning across multiple domains, including the lifelong growth across emotional, cognitive, and social domains

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3
Q

Emotional development

A

The continuous, lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.

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4
Q

Social development

A

The lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to effectively and appropriately interact with others.

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5
Q

Hereditary factors

A

factors that influence development and are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring

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6
Q

Environmental factors

A

factors that influence development and arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings

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7
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

the increased likelihood to develop certain traits, including diseases, if certain conditions are met

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8
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

a holistic, interdisciplinary framework for understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological, and
social factors

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9
Q

Biological factors

A

internal genetic and/ or physiologically based factors

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10
Q

Psychological factors

A

internal factors pertaining to an individual’s mental processes, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes

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11
Q

Social factors

A

external factors relating to an individual’s interactions with others and their external environment, including their relationships and community involvement

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12
Q

examples of biological factors

A
  • Genetic predispositions
  • Medications/substances
  • Nutrition
  • Sleep
  • Diseases and immune system functioning
  • Hormones
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13
Q

examples of psychological factors

A
  • Attitudes/ beliefs
  • Emotions (affect)
  • Personality
  • Coping skills
  • Sense of self
  • Self-esteem
  • Thoughts
  • Memories and learning
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14
Q

examples of social factors

A

Interpersonal relationships
* Attachment style
* Cultural norms
* Socioeconomic status
* Education
* Physical environment
* Family environment
* Level of social support

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15
Q

Mental wellbeing

A

an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions

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16
Q

Attachment

A

a long– lasting emotional bond between two individuals

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17
Q

Secure attachment

A

Secure attachment involves the needs of the infant being consistently met by their primary caregiver/s, allowing the infant to feel calmed by the presence of the caregiver when they feel distressed.

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18
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Insecure attachment may involve the primary caregiver/s inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs or consistently ignoring their needs, commonly leading to infants not seeking comfort from the caregiver
or being overly desperate for comfort from their caregiver when they experience distress.

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19
Q

cognitive development

A

the continuous, lifelong development of the ability to think, comprehend, and organise information from the internal and external environment

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20
Q

Small Pigs Can Fly.

A

Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
Preoperational stage (2-7)
Concrete operational stage (7-12)
Formal operational stage (12+)

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21
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment

A

a style of attachment in which the infant may avoid or be reluctant to receive contact from their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver not responding to the infant’s needs.

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22
Q

Insecure-anxious (resistant) attachment

A

a style of attachment in which the infant fluctuates between clinging to and rejecting their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs.

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23
Q

0-1 years (Erik Erikson’s psychological crisis across lifespan)

A

trust versus mistrust

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24
Q

1-3 years (Erik Erikson’s psychological crisis across lifespan)

A

Autonomy versus shame/ doubt

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25
Q

3-6 years (Erik Erikson’s psychological crisis across lifespan)

A

initiative versus guilt

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26
Q

6-12 years (Erik Erikson’s psychological crisis across lifespan)

A

industry versus inferiority

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27
Q

12-19 years (Erik Erikson’s psychological crisis across lifespan)

A

identity versus role confusion

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28
Q

19-30 years (Erik Erikson’s psychological crisis across lifespan)

A

inttimacy versus isolation

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29
Q

30-64 years (Erik Erikson’s psychological crisis across lifespan)

A

generativity versus stagnation

30
Q

65+ years (Erik Erikson’s psychological crisis across lifespan)

A

integrity versus despair.

31
Q

Maturation

A

the biologically programmed process of growth that
has a fixed sequence and facilitates all aspects of our development as we grow

32
Q

Plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to physically change shape in response to experience and learning

33
Q

Critical periods

A

the narrow, rigid developmental period in which a specific function or skill must be learnt

34
Q

Sensitive periods

A

the optimal developmental period for a specific function or skill to be learnt in the fastest and easiest way

35
Q

characteristics of a critical period

A
  • Skills or functions within a set critical period must be learnt during this predetermined period.
  • Critical periods start and finish suddenly.
36
Q

characteristics of a sensitive period

A
  • Particular skills and functions with sensitive periods will be easiest to learn during this developmental period, however, have the ability to be developed at a later time.
  • Sensitive periods start and finish more gradually than critical periods.
37
Q

nature=

A

heredtary

38
Q

nurture=

A

environmental

39
Q

Typical behaviour

A

an activity that is consistent with how an individual usually behaves

40
Q

Atypical behaviour

A

an activity that is unusual or unnatural according
to how an individual usually behaves

41
Q

Psychological criteria

A

(in relation to typicality) standards against which a judgement can be made about a person’s behaviour and abilities

42
Q

Cultural perspectives

A

the influence of society and community on one’s thoughts

43
Q

Social norms

A

society’s unofficial rules and expectations regarding how individuals should act

44
Q

Statistical rarity

A

something that lies outside the range of statistical normality and is also unusual enough to be considered significant

45
Q

Personal distress

A

an aversive and often self-oriented emotional reaction

46
Q

Maladaptive behaviour

A

an action that impairs an individual’s ability to meet the changing demands of their everyday life

47
Q

Normality

A

the state of having thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that are considered common and acceptable

48
Q

Abnormality

A

the state of deviating from the norm, usually in a way that is undesirable

49
Q

The socio-cultural approach

A

People perceive things as normal according to a particular set of codes relating to the social and cultural context that they are part of.

50
Q

The functional approach

A

People are considered normal if their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours allow them to cope with the demands of everyday lives.

51
Q

The historical approach

A

What people perceive as normal changes throughout different historical periods.

52
Q

The medical approach

A

Things that are abnormal have underlying biological causes and can be diagnosed clearly according to different symptoms.

53
Q

The statistical approach

A

Normality is based on how the majority of people think, feel, and behave.

54
Q

The situational approach

A

Normality is based on what is acceptable in different contexts.

55
Q

Neurotypicality

A

a term used to describe individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning that is typical or expected

56
Q

Neurodiversity

A

variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people, such as those experienced by people with autism

57
Q

Maladaptive

A

being unable to adapt to the environment appropriately and function effectively

57
Q

Adaptive

A

being able to adjust to the environment appropriately and function effectively

58
Q

Neurodivergent

A

individuals who
have a variation in neurological development and functioning

58
Q

Neurodiversity

A

variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people, such as those experienced by people with autism

59
Q

Neurotypicality

A

a term used to describe individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning in a way that is typical or expected

60
Q

Autism spectrum
disorder (ASD)

A

a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by impaired social
interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, narrow interests, and repetitive behaviour

61
Q

Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a neurological condition characterised by persistent inattention or hyperactivity that disrupts social, academic, or occupational functioning

62
Q

Dyslexia

A

a neurologically based learning difficulty manifested as severe challenges in reading, spelling, writing words, and sometimes in arithmetic

63
Q

Mental wellbeing

A

an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions

64
Q

Psychological development

A

an individual’s changes in functioning across multiple domains, including the life-long growth across emotional, cognitive,
and social domains

65
Q

Mental health workers

A

members of a mental health treatment team who assist in providing a wide range of services and care for patients with psychological or social problems

66
Q

Psychologist

A

an individual who is professionally trained in one or more branches or subfields of psychology

67
Q

Psychiatrist

A

a doctor who specialises in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and study
of mental, behavioural, and personality disorders

68
Q

Mental health organisation

A

a company or group that works to address or advocate for mental health, such as through providing support or specialised services

69
Q

Culturally responsive practices

A

acting in ways that respond to the needs of diverse communities and demonstrating an openness to new ideas that may align with different cultural ideas, beliefs, and values

Psychology (3 decks)

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