Unit 1- Acquiring culture- agents of socilization Flashcards
define socialization
The process by which people learn and internalize their culture including norms,and values, roles and status
define primary socialization
- the child learns from the immediate family in the home.
- The child learns the norms and values of their family and what their parents expect from them. - Parents act as role models to be imitated, issue sanctions.
define secondary socialization
socialisation which takes place outside of the home and teaches children the norms, values and culture of the wider society.
what are the 6 agents of socialization
religion, family, media, education, workplace, peer groups
what did parsons call secondary socialisation?
universalistic values
what did parsons call primary socialisation?
particular values
what did Bourdieu think socialisation led to
habitus
what is habitus
a sense of security in a familiar social situation
what are peer groups?
people of the same age/status, not necessarily friends, provide role models for younger people
what do the new right say about peer groups?
young afro Caribbeans see male role models in gangs.
peer groups- behaviour
- provide both normative and comparative functions
- people tend to compare themselves to the people of their peer group, particularly young people
- peer pressure is a form of social control
what does Hughes et al. 2002 say about peer groups
‘the models we use for appraising and shaping our attitudes, feelings and actions’
peer pressure- values
values which are taught through friendship or peer group are varied with age and circumstances although, they will probably be carried out with us throughout our lives
peer group- norms
- peer group norms involve issues such as age- appropriate behaviour. For example, young children are not allowed to smoke or buy alcohol.
peer groups- sanctions
these are informal and can vary considerably. The same behaviour in different situations may produce different responses. for example, your grandma may respond negatively to you swearing, whilst it may be a norm within your friendship group.
negative sanctions could include ignoring, physical violence or rejecting a friendship whilst positive sanctions include approving gestures and language or laughing at their jokes.
how does socialisation occur through education?
the hidden curriculum
what is the hidden curriculum
the things we learn through the experience of going to school
who developed the idea of the hidden curriculum?
jackson 1968
what is the formal curriculum?
The subjects that we go to school to learn to gain knowledge and skills for adult life.
education- roles
- there are a number of roles within a school such as teacher and pupil which fit into a range of further roles that are apart of their roles set. These roles provide authority and set sanctions
education- values
- schools project a range of values. For example, the idea that the idea that pupils should work hard to achieve qualifications
religion- values
many of our most important moral values influenced by religious values. for example, many of the ten commandments are reflected in the legal system
religion- sanctions
the power of religion it apply positive and negative sanctions depends on the extent to which you are a believer in the god/gods. For example, in Hinduism, they believe that in the idea of reincarnation and how they will be rewarded in their next life.
what do functionalists believe about religion?
- socialises individuals into a value consensus and creates a form of social solidarity and community. It also gives children further social influences.
what do Marxism believe about religion?
- termed religion ‘the opium of people’
- gives the working class something other than exploitation to focus on
- religion justifies exploitation as it promises a reward in the afterlife
what do feminists believe about religion?
It passes on patriarchal values as the role models (God, Jesus, Mohammed) are all male
what does the media influence?
Peoples behaviour and identities
globalisation meaning
through media, people can gather information from all over the world.
functionalists idea on the media
it is beneficial and builds value consensus
British attitudes survey , 2012
by the age of 7, children have spent a year watching TV
hyperdermic syringe
people imitate the violence and pornography they see in the media, particularly young people and children who do not have the experience to be critical of what they see and read
how do people re-socialise to the demands of the workplace?
Through formal training (courses, inductions) and informal training (imitation of the behaviour of other workers)
mcdonaldisation
the socialisation in certain chain workplaces to lack initiative, making the products and staff the same in each store.
canteen culture
in some organisations, such as the police, racist and sexist banter dominates
Workplace- roles
each workplace has people of different roles, positions and authority. These determine their behaviour and identity within that environment. For example, an employer may have the trust and responsibility to control the behaviour of other employees
workplace- values
- one of the main values in the workplace is that we should get paid in return for our labour.
- Another one is that we should be rewarded by promotion, increased responsibility and so forth.
workplace- norms
- people in the workforce have many expectations. Apart from voluntary work, we expect to be paid. we also have similar norms to the education system. For example, attendance, punctuality and not questioning our authority.
workplace- sanctions
positive sanctions
- pay rise
- increased responsibility
- more freedom
negative sanctions
- sacking
- disciplining
- demoting
Name the 4 socialisation processes
- imitation
- role models
- role play
- sanctions
quote Marxism on religion
‘the opium of people
