Unit 1 A

Question 1

Different sections of the vertebrae and no of bones in each

Answer 1

Cervical- 7 bones
Thoracic-12 bones
Lumbar- 5 bones
Sacral- 5 bones
Coccyx- fused

Question 2

Long bones

Type of Bones

Answer 2

-They affect the overall height
- Eg legs & arms( femur & humerus)
-They act as a lever, blood cell production

Question 3

Short Bones

Type of Bones

Answer 3

• Smaller
• Eg. feet & hands ( phalanges)
  -Weight bearing, support & stability

Question 4

Seasmoid Bones

Type of Bones

Answer 4

• Specialised function, usually found within a tendon
• Eg. Patella
  - Smooth surface for the tendon to slide over

Question 5

Flat Bones

Types of Bones

Answer 5

• Forms protective surface
• Eg. Skull (cranium)
  -Protective, large surface for muscle attachment

Question 6

Irregular Bones

Types of Bones

Answer 6

• Specific Function
• Eg. Vertebrae
  - Protection, Muscle attachment

Question 7

Areas of Skeleton

Answer 7

Axial: Cranium (+facial bones), Thoracic cage (sternum & ribs), Vertebral column

Appendicular: upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

Question 8

Spine alignment & postural deviations

Answer 8

Neutral spine alignment: 33 vertebrae have an S shape
Scoliosis: Abnormal curve of spine to left or right (lateral curvature), affects thoracic region, inherited
Kyphosis: Excessive outward curving of thoracic region, caused by poor posture also deformities of the spine

Question 9

Process of Bone Growth

Answer 9

Ossification: process of bone formation
Osteoblasts: cells that bring calcium to the bone helping it grow, more exercise increases calcium stores less likley to develop osteoporosis
Osteoclasts: cells that remove bone by dissolving old/damaged bone mineral, makes space create new bone tissue
Epiphyseal plate: (growth plate), at the end of long bones, when bone fully formed the head fuses with shaft creating epiphyseal line.

Question 10

Function of the Skeletal System 1-4

Answer 10

1. Supporting Framework: bones give you shape framework for soft tissue
2. Protection: protect vital tissue & organs eg. cranium (brain), vertebrae (spinal cord)
3. Attachment for Skeletal Muscle: provides surface for the muscle to attach, tendons attachthe muscle to bone (typically flat)
4. Blood Cell Production :Bone marrow found in bones red & white blood cells, produced to replace dying cells

Question 11

Function of the Skeletal System
5-8

Answer 11

5. Mineral Storage: bones store calcium (muscle contraction & bone repair) , phosporus ( too little causes pain+fatigue)
6. Leverage: muscles contract to pull the bones creating movement
7. Weight bearing: bones are strong & will support wight of body
8. Reduce Friction across joints: synovial fluid in the joints prevent bone rubbing together

Question 12

Joints

Answer 12

Place where two or more bones meet, without joints our bodies wouldnt be able to move

Question 13

Types of Joints

Answer 13

Fibrous- joints that can’t move,bones interlock + overlap eg. cranium
Cartilaginous- can only move a little, reducing friction between bones, absorbs heavy loads eg. vertebrae, between sternum + ribs(allows CPR)
Synovial- bones move freely, most mobility, eg. hips, shoulders, knees

Question 14

Synovial Joint structure

Answer 14

Joint capsule- outer sleeve, holds bone in place and protects joint
Bursa- small synovial fluid sac, cushions between tendons and bone to prevent friction
Articulate cartilage- provides smooth slippery surface at end of bones prevents friction, shock absorbers
Synovial membrane- capsule lining that releases sf
Synovial fluid- viscous liquid lubricates joints, prevents friction, provides nutrients to ac
Ligaments- attach bone to bone

Question 15

Types of Synovial Joints
1-3

Answer 15

1. Ball & Socket- most moveable, they can move in all directions e.g hips, shoulders
2. Hinge Joint-works like a hinge on a door, can only move in 2 directions e.g knee, elbow
   3.Pivot Joint- allows rotation e.g atlas+axis of vertebrae (C1,C2)

Question 16

Types of Synovial Joints
4-6

Answer 16

4. Gliding Joints- little movement in all directons e.g hand between carpals
   5.Saddle Joints- only joint in the body in base of thumb
   6.Condyloid Joints- little movement in all directions, tendons prevent rotation e.g wrist

Question 17

Skeletal Responses

Answer 17

1. Stimulates increased mineral uptake (calcium)- makes bones stronger + denser, important for weight bearing exercises
2. Produces more Synovial fluid- increasing flexibility of joint, increases nutrients to ac

Question 18

Skeletal Adaptations

Answer 18

1. Increase bone density, less likley to suffer fractures
   2.Increased ligament strength, reduces risk of dislocation & increases flexibility
2. Increased thickness of articular cartilage

Question 19

Additional Factors
Arthritis

Answer 19

Arthritis- inflammation withinh sj causeing pain

Osteoarthhritis- most common, caused by wear and tear, causing reduction in cartilage & bones rubbing
EE- produces more sf, provides important minerals to cartilage

Rheumatoid- inflammation of joint so they become painful + swollen
EE-

Question 20

Additional Factors

Answer 20

Osteoporosis- weakening of bone, causing by lack of Vit D & calcium
EE- promotes uptake of minerals in bone, increases bone density

Age- bones slowly lose mineral density & become more brittle, weight training as a child can damage (growing) growth plates which can result in stunted growth.