Unit 1-A Flashcards
What is learning?
Active or process of engaging and manipulating objects, experiences, and conversations in order to build mental models of the world.
What is learning?
builds on prior knowledge and involves enriching, building on, and changing existing understanding, where
“one’s knowledge base is a scaffold that supports the construction of all future
learning”
What is learning?
occurs in a complex social
environment and should not be limited to being examined or perceived as something that happens on an individual level. I
What is learning?
is situated in an authentic context and provides learners with the opportunity to engage with specific ideas and
concepts on a need-to-know or want-to-know basis
What is learning?
requires learners’ motivation and cognitive engagement to be sustained when learning complex ideas, because considerable mental effort and persistence are necessary.
branch of formal learning theory associated with B. F. Skinner. Learning cannot be observed directly.
Behaviorism
Behavioral theories of learning emphasize changes in observable behaviors, skills, and habits. The focus is on behavior.
Behaviorism
Learning is viewed as a change in behavior resulting from experience, with little regard for the mental or internal processes of thinking.
Behaviorism
first behaviorist
John B. Watson
argued that the inner experiences that were the focus of psychology could not be properly studied as they needed to be observable.
John B. Watson
Observable behavior rather than internal thought processes is the focus of the study.
Behaviorism
learning is manifested by a change in behavior
Behaviorism
Edward L. Thorndike
S-R (stimulus-response) learning theory
responses (or behaviors) were strengthened or weakened by the consequences of behavior
S-R (stimulus-response) learning theory
operant conditioning – reinforcing
B.F. Skinner
Learning is better when the learner is active rather than passive.
Activity is important.
Frequent practice – and practice in varied contexts – is necessary for learning to take place.
Repetition, generalization, and discrimination are important notions
Positive reinforcers like rewards and
successes are preferable to negative events like punishments and failures.
Reinforcement is the cardinal motivator
frame their activities by behavioral objectives
Learning is helped when objectives are clear.
Four key principles of James Hartley
Activity is important.
Repetition, generalization, and discrimination are important notions.
Reinforcement is the cardinal motivator.
Learning is helped when objectives are clear.
a cognitive theory that focuses on how information is encoded into our memory
Information Processing Theory
The theory describes how our brains filter information, from what we are paying attention to in the present moment to what gets stored in our short-term or working memory and ultimately into our long-term memory.
Information Processing Theory
creating a long-term memory is
something that happens in stages
Information Processing Theory
Information Processing Theory, developed in
1950
