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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology

A

Physical appearance

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2
Q

Function

A

The role a trait/structure has for an organism in nature.

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3
Q

Functional morphology

A

The actions of a structure and how it works in the organism

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4
Q

Ecomorphology

A

The role of a trait in the environment. Can change according to life span/life stage/environment/etc.

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5
Q

Evolution

A

Observing the presence of structures in an organism’s ancestors.

  • shows why structures are present
  • phylogenetic trees hypothesize evolutionary relationships
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6
Q

Dissent

A

How anatomical structures came to be (according to a phylogeny)

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7
Q

Extant vs. extinct

A

Extant - currently exists

Extinct - no longer exists

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8
Q

How long ago did life on Earth begin?

How old is Earth?

A

4 billion years ago life began.

Earth is 4.6 billion years old.

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9
Q

What are the seven levels of biological classification?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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10
Q

What is the classification of Chrodata?

A

Phylum

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11
Q

What is the classification of Cephalochordata?

A

Subphylum of phylum Chordata

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12
Q

What is the classification of Urochordata?

A

Subphylum of phylum Chordata

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13
Q

What is the classification of Vertebrata?

A

Subphylum of phylum Chordata

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14
Q

What are the major lineages of the phylum Chordata?

A

Three subphylums: Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata

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15
Q

What is the subphylum of the Phylum Chordata that is most closely related to the true Vertebrates?

A

Urochordata

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16
Q

What is one characteristic that unites the Chordates?

A

A notochord.

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17
Q

What are deuterostomes defined as?

A

The blastopore becomes the anus, and the second opening becomes the mouth.

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18
Q

What domain is being studied?

A

Eukarya

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19
Q

What is the study of living, extant forms to identify how structures are related to their ancestry?

A

Comparative vertebrate anatomy.

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20
Q

What are the advantages of comparative anatomy?

A
  • Easy access to specimens
  • Can observe functions
  • Get to collect whole specimens
  • Observe soft tissue
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21
Q

What is a disadvantage of comparative anatomy?

A

Don’t have the time element (ancestors)

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22
Q

What is the term used to describe similar structures that evolved independently in two organisms to serve the same purpose?

A

Analogous

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23
Q

What is the term used to describe structures that look the same for two organisms but not because of ancestry?

A

Homoplasy

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24
Q

What term is used to describe when 2 or more organisms with different evolutionary backgrounds develop the same or similar adaptations?

A

Convergence

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25
Q

What time period had the early chordates?

A

Cambrian

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26
Q

What time period had the placoderms?

A

Silurian

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27
Q

What time period had the chondrichtheys and ostracoderms?

A

Ordovician

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28
Q

What time period had the gnathostomes and the vertebrates?

A

Cambrian

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29
Q

What does “Paleozoic” mean?

A

Age of the fishes

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30
Q

What does “Mesozoic” mean?

A

Age of the reptiles

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31
Q

What does “Cenozoic” mean?

A

Age of mammals

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32
Q

What is a skeletal rod which is derived from mesodermal tissue and consists of 3 layers in cross-section?

A

Notochord

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33
Q

What is the higher level of classification for tunicates?

A

Urochordata

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34
Q

What is the higher classification for acornworms?

A

Hemichordata

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35
Q

What is the higher classification for lancelets?

A

Cephalochordata

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36
Q

What is heterochrony?

A

Looks at the rate of growth of a structure, the onset and offset, between ancestors and descendants.

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37
Q

What are the two different forms of heterochrony?

A

Peramorphosis and Paedomorphosis.

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38
Q

What is Peramorphosis?

A

When the features of adult ancestors are exaggerated or extended in adult descendants.

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39
Q

What are the three ways peramorphosis can occur?

A
  1. Hypermorphosis: late offset
  2. Acceleration: fast rate of growth
  3. Predisplacement: early onset
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40
Q

What is Paedomorphosis?

A

Juvenile features are retained in adults.

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41
Q

What are the two forms of paedomorphosis?

A
  1. Progenesis: somatic development stops early and sexual development is accelerated.
  2. Neoteny: somatic development is slowed and sexual development is normal.
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42
Q

What is the function of the notochord?

A

Prevent the body from collapsing due to its rigidity, allows for lateral flexion and forward motion.

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43
Q

What structure has outer elastic tissue, a middle layer of collagen, and an inner layer of vaculated-fluid-filled cells?

A

Notochord

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44
Q

What happens to the notochord over evolutionary time?

A

Over time, it becomes cartilaginous and then ossified.

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45
Q

Where are remnants of the notochord in mammals today?

A

The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc.

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46
Q

How are pharyngeal slits used?

A

First used for filter feeding (as a part of the digestive tract), and then evolve to associate gills for gas exchange/respiration.

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47
Q

What are some of the structures that make up the pharyngeal slits?

A

Pharyngeal arches which separate the pharyngeal slits; brachial plates separated by ectodermal grooves and endodermal pouches; striated muscle; cranial innervation; aortic arch.

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48
Q

In gnathostomes, there are how many paired pouches on the lateral sides of the pharynx? How many in agnathostomes?

A

8 in gnaths

15 in agnaths

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49
Q

The first pharyngeal arch becomes what in jawed vertebrates?

A

The mandibular arch

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50
Q

The mandibular arch is made of what two structures?

A

The palatoquadrate and Meckel’s cartilage.

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51
Q

The second pharyngeal arch becomes what in jawed vertebrates?

A

The hyoid bone

52
Q

What is the function of the endostyle?

A

Iodine metabolism via production of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).

53
Q

Where is the endostyle found?

A

At the base of the pharynx.

54
Q

What structure becomes enlarged at the anterior end and becomes the brain in later species?

A

DTNC

55
Q

The DTNC forms the CNS from what type of tissue?

A

Ectodermal

56
Q

When the neural plate invaginates, what does it become?

A

DTNC

57
Q

What is the fluid called that fills the DTNC?

A

Neurocoel

58
Q

This structure acts as an extension of the locomotive apparatus for movement, and includes the notochord and musculature.

A

Postanal tail

59
Q

What are the major Agnathostome lineages?

A
  • Myxinoidea (hagfish)
  • Petromyzontiformes (lamprey)
  • Conodonts (extinct)
  • Ostracoderms (extinct)
60
Q

What are the major lineages of Gnathostomes?

A

-Placodermi (extinct)
-Acanthodii (extinct)
-Elasmobranchii
-Teleostomi
-
-

61
Q

What kind of development do Annelida and Arthropoda have?

A

Protostome

62
Q

What kind of development do Chrodata, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata have?

A

Deuterostome

63
Q

During early embryonic development _____ is observed in deuterstomes at the 32 cell stage, when cells divide form directly on top of the previous set of cells.

A

Radial cleavage

64
Q

What happens during spiral cleavage?

A

The cells rotate

65
Q

What kind of kidney is it when the mesonephric duct incorporates additional posterior tubules?

A

Opisthonephros

66
Q

What kind of kidney is it when a posterior duct forms at the base of the mesonephric kidney ultimately becomes the ureter?

A

Metanephros

67
Q

What type of kidney is it when tubules form in the middle and form a connection with the pronephros?

A

Mesonephros

68
Q

What kind of kidney is it when the tubules form anteriorly?

A

Pronephros

69
Q

What are types of kidneys do we go through in embryological development?

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros
70
Q

What hallmark characteristics of the chordates are present in the hemichordates?

A
  • pharyngeal slits

- DTNC

71
Q

What are the 3 distinguishing characteristics of myxinoidea?

A
  • 1 nostril
  • 1 semicircular canal
  • Absence of vertebrae in adults, sort of present in larvae
72
Q

What are two diagnostic features of agnathostomes?

A

Neural crest and epidermal placodes.

73
Q

What time period had the Chondrichthyes and the Ostracoderms?

A

Ordovician

74
Q

What time period had the Early Chordates, Vertebrates, and the Gnathostomes?

A

Cambrian

75
Q

The splanchnocranium derived from the neural crest has 5 pharyngeal arches called the branchial arches. A single arch has 5 structures:

A 
I Pharyngobranchial
II Epibranchial 
III Ceratobranchial 
IV Hypobranchial 
V Basibranchial
76
Q

Myxinoidea - hagfish

Are there vertebrae?

A

Larvae have skeletal elements, but no vertebrae in adults

77
Q

Myxinoidea - hagfish

Do they have paired fins?

A

No

78
Q

Myxinoidea - hagfish

What kind of kidney do they have in their adult form?

A

Mesonephric

79
Q

Petromyzontiformes - Lamprey

What kind of kidney do they have?

A

Opisthonephric kidney - they are anadromous

80
Q

Petromyzontiformes - lamprey

What are their distinguishing features?

A
  • 1 nostril
  • 2 semicircular canals
  • nasohypophyseal duct ends as blind sac
  • has signs of cartilaginous vertebral column
81
Q

Conodonts - extinct lineage of agnaths

What features were discovered about them?

A
  • had myomeres
  • had notochord
  • had caudal fin rays
  • had DTNC
  • had big eyes
82
Q

Ostracoderms - extinct lineage of agnaths

What were their distinguishing features?

A
  • 2 nostrils
  • 2 semicircular canals
  • nasohypophyseal duct ends as blind sac
83
Q

Ostracoderms - extinct lineage of agnaths

How were they shaped - what did they look like?

A
  • Dorsal-ventrally flattened
  • some had paired appendages
  • 1st evidence of true bone, externally
  • fused bone plates
  • were small
84
Q

Which of the following Hallmark Characteristics of he Chordates are present in the Hemichordates?

DTNC
notochord
past anal tail
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
A

DTNC

pharyngeal slits

85
Q

Which of the following Hallmark Characteristics of he Chordates are present in the Urochordate adults?

DTNC
notochord
past anal tail
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
A

Endostyle/thyroid

Pharyngeal slits

86
Q

Which group of genes are responsible for dorsal ventral patterning in all animals?

A

hox or homeobox genes

87
Q

When change in shape and size occur at a constant and proportional rate

A

Isometry

88
Q

A change in shape correlated with a change in size occurring during development

A

Allometry

89
Q

Which type of bone is formed from a cartilaginous precursor?

A

Endochondral bone

90
Q

A hollow tube which is positioned dorsal to the notochord and is formed from ectodermal tissue

A

DTNC

91
Q

Which of the following Hallmark Characteristics of the Chordates are present in the Urochordate larvae?

DTNC
notochord
past anal tail
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
A

All five Hallmark Characteristics are present.

92
Q

*These structures are unique to vertebrates and arise as thickenings from ectoderm, ultimately forming different types of sensory receptors.

A

*

93
Q

Which genes are expressed in which regions of the Chordates and Bilateria + Hemichordates + Echinoderms?

A

Chordates:

  • Chordin: Dorsal
  • BMP: Ventral

Bilateria + Hemichordates + Echinoderms:

  • BMP: Dorsal
  • Chordin: Ventral
94
Q

*Which “rule” suggests chordate evolution proceeded through heterochrony from an echinoderm larval form to modern vertebrates?

A

*

95
Q

*From dorsal to ventral, what is the order of pharyngeal bones???

A

*

96
Q

When 2 or more structures are similar due to convergence on the same solution

A

Homoplasy

97
Q

When 2 or more structures have the same function

A

Analogy

98
Q

*What is the sensory structure that is used to help detect vibrations in the water?

A

*

99
Q

*What is the term used to describe the tail-type in chondichthyians in which the tail turns upward and the vertebral column extends into the dorsal lobe of the the tail; the tail is asymmetrical?

A

*

100
Q

*Which type of bone is formed directly from mesenchyme without any cartilaginous precursor?

A

*

101
Q

This type of scale possesses dermal bone, thick layer of dentin, and think layer of enamel.

A

Cosmoid scale

102
Q

This type of scale possesses dentin and enamel, but lacks dermal bone.

A

Placoid scale

103
Q

This type of scale is composed entirely of lamellar bone.

A

Teleost scale

104
Q

This type of scale possesses dermal bone and a thick layer of enamel, lacking dentin.

A

Ganoid scales

105
Q

Yellow appearance, mesodermal origin, 70% hydroxyapatite/30% organics + water, also known as cosmine

A

Dentin

106
Q

White appearance, epidermal origin, 96% hydroxyapatite/4% organics + water, also known as ganoin.

A

Enamel

107
Q

*These cells are unique to vertebrates and give rise to several adult structures after breaking loose of the ectoderm and migrating to various locations in the body, such as melanocytes or odontoblasts.

A

*

108
Q

Do petromyzontifomes have vertebrae as adults?

A

Yes

109
Q

Do myxinoidea have vertebrae as adults?

A

No

110
Q

*What taxon arose in the Late Ordovician time period?

A

*

111
Q

*What taxon arose in the Early Cambrian period?

A

Chordates

112
Q

*What taxon arose in the Mid-Cambrian period?

A

*

113
Q

*What taxon arose in the Early Ordovician time period?

A

*

114
Q

*What taxon arose in the Silurian period?

A

Placoderms

115
Q

*What taxon arose in the Late Cambrian period?

A

*

116
Q

*What “rule” states “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”?

A

*

117
Q

To which phylum do mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes belong?

A

Phylum Chordata

118
Q

Skeletal rod which is derived from mesodermal tissue and consists of 3 layers in cross-section.

A

notochord

119
Q

Which of the following Hallmark Characteristics of the Chordates are present in the Cephalochordates?

DTNC
notochord
past anal tail
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
A

pharyngeal slits
notochord
past anal tail

120
Q

These features are consistent with the Placodermi or the Chondrichthyes?

  • Jaw with sharp teeth modified for tearing
  • entirely extinct
  • reproductive strategy: viviparity
  • head covered with fused plates of dermal bone
A

Placodermi

121
Q

These features are consistent with the Placodermi or the Chondrichthyes?

  • Jay with modified placoid scales as teeth
  • extant, with many extinct lineages
  • reproductive strategy: viviparity, ovovivparity, oviparity
  • head lacking fused scales
A

Chondrichthyes

122
Q

Multiple lateral paired openings which pierce or partially pierce the body wall, initially used as part of the filtering/feeding apparatus.

A

Pharyngeal slits

123
Q

Structure located posterior to the anus and primarily involved in movement or stability

A

post anal tail

124
Q

A glandular groove which forms in the floor of the pharynx and is critical for iodine metabolism.

A

endostyle

125
Q

During early embryonic development _______ is observed in deuterostomes at the 32 cell stage, when cells divide and form directly on top of the previous set of cells.

A

Radial cleavage

126
Q

What are characteristics of gnathostomes?

A
  • teeth with dentin
  • jaw
  • true paired appendages
127
Q

What is the structure that is positioned anterior to the first gill slit in chondrichthyians that is involved in inhalation by drawing water in while the mouth is open?

A

Spiracle

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (7 decks)

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