Lab Practical 1

Question 1

Anterior/Cranial

Answer 1

Toward the head end of the body

Question 2

Posterior/Caudal

Answer 2

Toward the tail end of the body

Question 3

Dorsal

Answer 3

Toward the back

Question 4

Ventral

Answer 4

Toward the belly

Question 5

Medial

Answer 5

Toward the midline

Question 6

Lateral

Answer 6

Away from the midline

Question 7

Distal

Answer 7

Away from the point of attachment of an apendage

Question 8

Proximal

Answer 8

Toward the point of attachment of an appendage

Question 9

Frontal plane

Answer 9

Divides body into anterior/posterior or ventral/dorsal

Question 10

Sagittal plane

Answer 10

Divides body into lateral segments

Question 11

Transverse plane

Answer 11

Divides body into cranial/caudal or superior/inferior ends

Question 12

What are the five key chordate characteristics?

Answer 12

Notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal tubular nerve cord, past anal tail, and endostyle/thyroid gland.

Question 13

A slender rod that lies dorsal to the coelom but beneath and parallel with the CNS.

Answer 13

Notochord

Question 14

A series of slits in the pharynx.

Answer 14

Pharyngeal gill slits

Question 15

A hollow nerve cord that runs parallel along the gut.

Answer 15

Dorsal tubular nerve cord

Question 16

A posterior elongation of the body beyond the anus, composed of segmented musculature and a notochord.

Answer 16

Post anal tail

Question 17

Gland involved in metabolism of iodine.

Answer 17

Endostyle/Thyroid gland

Question 18

Organize these structures from dorsal to ventral:

Coelom, DTNC, Endostyle, Notochord

Answer 18

Dorsal - DTNC, Notochord, Coelom, Endostyle - Ventral

Question 19

What is the overall Linnaean classification of Lampreys?

Answer 19

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animala
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Cephalaspidimorphi
Subclass: n/a
Order: Petromyzontiformes
Family: Petromyzontidae
Species name: Petromyzontidae

Question 20

What is the overall Linnaean classification of Dogfish Sharks?

Answer 20

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animala
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Chrondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Squaliformes 
Family: Squalidae
Species name: Squalus acanthias

Question 21

What is the overall classification of Mudpuppies?

Answer 21

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animala
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia 
Subclass: Lissamphibia
Order: Urodela/Caudata
Family: Proteidae
Species name: Necturus maculosus

Question 22

What is the overall classification of domestic cats?

Answer 22

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animala
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Theria
Order: Carnivora 
Family: Felidae
Species name: Felis domestica

Question 23

Which taxon is considered the sister to vertebrates?

Answer 23

Urochordata

Question 24

What is one characterisitic that unites the chordates?

Answer 24

Notochord

Question 25

What is one characteristic that supports the close relationship between Chordates and Ambulacraria (i.e., the group that is known as Deuterostomes)?

Answer 25

The embryological characteristics, such as the mouth forms opposite to the blastopore.

Question 26

What is one characteristic which supports the separation of protostomes and deuterostomes?

Answer 26

The protostomes have spiral cleavage while the deuterostomes have radial cleavage.

Question 27

What taxa are considered protochordates?

Answer 27

Hemichordata (enteropneusta, pterobranchia), Cephalochordata (lancelets/ampioxus), Urochordata (tunicates/sea squirts).

Question 28

Which chordate characteristics are present in adult urochordates?

Answer 28

• Notochord
• Pharyngeal slits
• DTNC
• endostyle
• post anal tail

Question 29

Which chordate characteristics are present in amphioxus?

Answer 29

• Notochord
• Pharyngeal slits
• DTNC
• endostyle
• post anal tail

Question 30

What two taxa are descendants of an ancestral lineage that gave rise to all vertebrates?

Answer 30

Myxinoidea and Petromyzontiformes