Unit 1 Flashcards
Male neonate with pronounced enlargement of the head, MRI reveals excessive accumulation of CSF and ventricular enlargement. Most likely cause is?
Atresia of cerebral aqueduct (non-communicating hydrocephalus)
75 year old male with dementia, urinary incontinence, wide based gait. MRI shows enlarged ventricles
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
Supplementation of maternal diet with which of the following nutrients decreased the incidence of neural tube defects?
Folic Acid (B9)
A female neonate is noted at birth to have a gross deformity of lower back. Examination reveals disorganized neural lesion with entrapment of nerve roots.
Meningomyelocele
What is the most important maternal blood test to diagnose neural tube defects
Alpha fetoprotein
A baby with an enlarged head is diagnosed with Dandy Walker Syndrome. What is the underlying mechanism?
Absence of cerebellum (vermis)
Most common cause of Arnold Chiari malformation type 2?
Hydrocephalus
Coup injury occurs where?
At the site of impact
A 27 year old man received a blow to the weak side of the head. CT scan shows lens shaped hematoma; what vessel is involved? (Epidural hematoma)
Middle meningeal artery
Pt presents with weakness of right upper extremity and recovers within 12 hours of initial symptoms. No treatment was given; what is it?
TIA
Which of the following develops emboli that may result in embolic stroke?
Atrial fibrillation
Which of the following arteries is most commonly involved in lacunar infarcts?
Deep penetrating arteries
Most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage is?
High blood pressure
Most common location of berry “saccular” aneurysms?
Anterior communicating artery
Pt presents with sudden excruciating headache, the worst one of his life, what is it?
Aneurysm
Pale infarction is typically seen in which condition?
Thrombotic stroke - clot still attached to wall
Syringomyelia occurs at what vertebral level?
C7-T3 (shoulder)
Characteristic feature syringomyelia?
Decreased pain sensation in the hands (Neurotrophic arthropy)
Pt presents with atrophy of hand muscles, fasciculations in arms, shoulders, tongue. Leg weakness that progresses to difficulty walking, slurred speech, trouble swallowing, difficulty holding head up and keeping good posture. As disease advances, muscles become progressively weaker and troubles speaking, swallowing, chewing, and breathing. On exam both upper and lower motor neuron signs are present and there are no sensory changes.
ALS
What is the underlying cause of Freidrich’s ataxia?
Frataxin deficiency
What disorder presents early in childhood with gait ataxia, loss of DTR, impaired vibratory sensations, and loss of position sense?
Freidrich’s ataxia
5 year old boy has headache, fever, vomiting, and convulsions. 104 degree fever, cervical rigidity, pain in neck and knees, acute inflammation. This included what region of the brain?
Leptomeninges (meningitis)
Viral infection complains of fever, headache, nausea, vomiting. In CSF sample, no bacteria, lymphpcytes are increased, normal protein levels. What is the glucose CSF level?
Normal
Most common cause of meningitis in 35 year old male?
Strep Pneumonia
Common complication of meningitis
Hearing loss
Most common route of CNS infection
Hematogenous
65 year old male, loss of memory, cognition, dementia. Discovered that there is an apolipoprotein gene mutation. Which of the following is not a feature of his disease? A. Tau Protein B. Senile plaques C. Alpha-beta-amyloid deposition D. Psammoma bodies
Psammoma bodies
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is confirmed by what?
Pathology on autopsy
Which neurons are lost in Parkinson’s disease?
Dopaminergic
Pt has slow movement, rigid, course tremor of distal extremities, expressionless face, stooped posture, and dementia. What is the microscopic feature of his disease?
Lewy bodies (Parkinson’s)
40 year old female has chorea and athetosis and progresses to dementia and depression. Older brother committed suicide, MRI shows atrophy of caudate nucleus and hydrocephalus.
Huntington’s disease
Most common malignant tumor of brain in children?
Medulloblastoma
Characteristic feature of pilocytic astrocytoma?
Rosenthal fibers
Pt presents with drop foot, atrophy of leg muscles, high foot arches, curled toes, autosomal dominant?
Charcot Marie tooth disease
Most important component in history of pt with Guillain Barre?
History of diarrhea and tracheobronchitis
Part of body that is initially involved with Guillain Barre?
Legs
HSV involves the temporal lobe of brain (T/F)?
True
MS is a disease of the gray matter (T/F)?
False (disease of white matter)
Calcification present in 90% of cases of oligodendroglioma of the brain (T/F)?
True
Decreased ICP can lead to brain herniation (T/F)?
False (Increased ICP)
Prostate surgery, has problems and has hypoxic-ischemic injury to brain. What happens in the brain?
Watershed infarcts
Woman who has trouble writing, no mental impairment, increased IG with oligoclonal IgG bands.
MS; demyelination of white axons
Girl drinks some liquid in garage, dealing with blindness.
Methanol
