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Grade 12 bio > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Isotope

A

A form of an element that differs in it’s number of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Radioactive isotope of an element

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3
Q

Polarity

A

Partial positive or negative charge at the end of a molecule. Depends on electronegativity difference and molecular shape. Partial charges called dipoles are created. The more polar, the stronger the intermolecular forces.

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4
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Subunits of larger molecules are joined by the removal of water. Also called condensation reactions. OH and H are removed and they form a water molecule.

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Subunits of larger molecules are broken apart by water

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6
Q

Redox reactions

A

Electron transfer reaction
Oxidation is when molecules loose electrons
Reduction is when molecules gain electrons
They can’t happen alone

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7
Q

0-0.5

A

Covalent

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8
Q

0.5-1.7

A

Polar

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9
Q

1.7+

A

Ionic

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10
Q

Londen forces

A

Temporary, weak, dipole moments used to hold non polar molecules together

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11
Q

Dipole Dipole forces

A

The attraction between two polar molecules

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Very strong dipole dipole force formed when hydrogen bonds to nitrogen, oxygen or flourine

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13
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C. Water has a high specific heat.

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14
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar or charged molecules are strongly attracted to water

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15
Q

Auto ionization

A

When a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions. When this happens with water, an equal number of hydronium and hydroxide ions are produced.

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16
Q

Buffer

A

A chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ or OH ions

Usually involves a weak acid or weak base

There are three important buffer systems in our body.
Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system

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17
Q

Functional groups

A

A group of molecules that effects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions

All are polar and soluble

COOH makes a molecule an acid

NH2 makes a molecule a base

Influence chemical and physical properties of the molecule

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18
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other

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19
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

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20
Q

Major groups of biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed of monomers

Acts as energy, building materials and surface markers
Empirical formula is CH20.

Three types. monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Dissolve in water

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22
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Three types

Alpha glucose (starch) linked together for energy storage in plants

Beta glucose (cellulose) linked together in plants, we can’t digest this

Glycogen is more branching than starch, energy storage in animals

Very polar

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23
Q

Lipids

A

Non polar compound made mostly of carbon and hydrogen (small amount of oxygen)

Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols and waxes

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24
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol, very energy dense, unsaturated fats are “kinky” (most well known fats)

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25
Q

Phospholipids

A

Main components of membranes, make up the lipid bilayer. Have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol

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26
Q

Sterols (steroids)

A

Composed of 4 rings

Functions in hormones and bile salts

Cholesterol functions in membranes but can cause atherosclerosis

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27
Q

Waxes

A

Solid, waterproof coating on plants and animals

Long fatty chains linked to alcohols and carbon rings

The longer the chain, the higher the mp/bp

Extremely non polar

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28
Q

Proteins

A

All made of amino acids

Structural components of cells, muscle fibres, hair, enzymes

All 20 amino acids have the same structure except for R

Joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three- dimensional shape

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29
Q

Polypeptide

A

Linked with peptide bonds (condensation)

Sequence determined by DNA

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30
Q

Protein denaturation

A

Changes in pH, temp and ionic concentration causes proteins to unfold and loose their shape

Proteins become dysfunctional

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31
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Composed of nucleotides

Includes DNA, RNA, ATP and some coenzymes (NAD, FAD)

Information storage and flow, energy transfer

Blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells, stored hereditary information

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32
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Double Helix

Forms genetic code

In each human cell

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33
Q

Enzymes

A

An un catalyzed reaction requires a higher activation energy than a catalyzed reaction does

An biological catalyst, usually a protein that speeds up a reaction

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34
Q

Active site

A

Where substrate binds (lock and key)

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35
Q

Cofactors

A

Inorganic and non protein

Bind to an enzyme for proper function

Iron in hemoglobin

Magnesium in chlorophyll

36
Q

Co enzymes

A

Organic, acts as a cofactor

Needed for some enzymes to function

NAD in energy metabolism requires vitamin B

37
Q

What effects enzyme activity

A

Enzyme and substrate

Inhibitors (drugs, pesticides, poisons, antibiotics)

pH and temperature

38
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

the regulation of one site of a protein by binding to another site on the same protein

39
Q

Types of inhibition

A

Competitive, non competitive, feedback

40
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Competes with substrate for the same active site on an enzyme

41
Q

Non competitive inhibitor

A

Binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme

42
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

The regulation of a biochemical pathway by one of the products on the pathway

43
Q

Water lattice

A

Held together by hydrogen bonds which constantly break and reform which allows molecules to slip past each other. This is why water is a fluid

44
Q

Water lattice in ice

A

The molecules are farther apart which makes in less dense

45
Q

Water molecules

A

Small and strongly polar

46
Q

Hydration shell

A

Prevents ions from re associating

47
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Consists of a single sugar unit e.g.. glucose

48
Q

Isomer

A

A molecule that has the same composition of another but a different arrangement of ions

49
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A bond between two monosaccharides

50
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules

51
Q

Polymerization

A

A process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule

52
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemical in a chain

53
Q

Fatty acids

A

contain a cooh group and a hydrocarbon chain

Structural backbone of most lipids

54
Q

Saturated fats

A

A lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

55
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Double or tripple bonds

56
Q

Peptide bond

A

A covalent bond that links amino acids

57
Q

Peptide

A

A chain of amino acid subunits which are joined together by a peptide bond

58
Q

Polypeptide

A

A peptide with more than 50 amino acids

59
Q

Protein structure

A

Primary= linear sequence

Secondary= hydrogen bonding resulting in a coil or fold

Tertiary= Interaction of R groups

Quaternary= Multiple polypeptides interact

60
Q

Nucleotides

A

Consists of 5- carbon sugar, nitrogenous base and one- three phosphate groups

61
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

A link that is formed by nucleotides and a phosphate bridge

62
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Pyrimidines (uracil, thymine and cytose)

Purines (adenine and guanine)

63
Q

Substrate

A

A substance that is recognized by and binds to an enzyme

64
Q

Induced fit model

A

A model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a substrate

65
Q

Allosteric site

A

The regulation of one site of a protein by binding to another site on the same protein

66
Q

Passive transport

A

Involves movement across a membrane without the use of energy. Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.

67
Q

Diffusion

A

Random movement of particles from regions of high concentration to low concentration

68
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. The conditions that exist are isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

69
Q

Isotonic

A

the property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution

70
Q

Hypertonic

A

the property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution

71
Q

Hypotonic

A

the property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution

72
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Materials diffuse across a membrane faster than simple diffusion because they are assisted by trans membrane proteins. 3 types

73
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfs solid particles

74
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transports molecules to the external environment

75
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Is the state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions

76
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

the idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely

77
Q

glycolipid

A

any membrane lipid that is bound to a carbohydrate

78
Q

glycoprotein

A

a membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate, bound to an amino acid

79
Q

integral membrane protein

A

a protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer

80
Q

peripheral membrane protein

A

a protein on the surface of the membrane

81
Q

Cell membranes

A

Proteins floating in a sea of lipids

Phospholipids in membranes have a polar hydrophilic head, hydrophibic, fatty acid tails and another polar hydrophilic head

82
Q

Simple difusion

A

The ability of small and non polar substances to move across a membrane. This will depend on the size and the charge of the molecule

83
Q

transport protein

A

an integral membrane protein that provides a pathway for molecules to cross a membrane

84
Q

channel protein

A

a hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through

85
Q

carrier protein

A

a protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer

Grade 12 bio (8 decks)

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