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Grade 12 bio > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Isotope

A

A form of an element that differs in it’s number of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Radioactive isotope of an element

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3
Q

Polarity

A

Partial positive or negative charge at the end of a molecule. Depends on electronegativity difference and molecular shape. Partial charges called dipoles are created. The more polar, the stronger the intermolecular forces.

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4
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Subunits of larger molecules are joined by the removal of water. Also called condensation reactions. OH and H are removed and they form a water molecule.

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Subunits of larger molecules are broken apart by water

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6
Q

Redox reactions

A

Electron transfer reaction
Oxidation is when molecules loose electrons
Reduction is when molecules gain electrons
They can’t happen alone

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7
Q

0-0.5

A

Covalent

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8
Q

0.5-1.7

A

Polar

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9
Q

1.7+

A

Ionic

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10
Q

Londen forces

A

Temporary, weak, dipole moments used to hold non polar molecules together

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11
Q

Dipole Dipole forces

A

The attraction between two polar molecules

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Very strong dipole dipole force formed when hydrogen bonds to nitrogen, oxygen or flourine

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13
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C. Water has a high specific heat.

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14
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar or charged molecules are strongly attracted to water

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15
Q

Auto ionization

A

When a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions. When this happens with water, an equal number of hydronium and hydroxide ions are produced.

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16
Q

Buffer

A

A chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ or OH ions

Usually involves a weak acid or weak base

There are three important buffer systems in our body.
Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system

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17
Q

Functional groups

A

A group of molecules that effects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions

All are polar and soluble

COOH makes a molecule an acid

NH2 makes a molecule a base

Influence chemical and physical properties of the molecule

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18
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other

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19
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

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20
Q

Major groups of biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed of monomers

Acts as energy, building materials and surface markers
Empirical formula is CH20.

Three types. monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Dissolve in water

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22
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Three types

Alpha glucose (starch) linked together for energy storage in plants

Beta glucose (cellulose) linked together in plants, we can’t digest this

Glycogen is more branching than starch, energy storage in animals

Very polar

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23
Q

Lipids

A

Non polar compound made mostly of carbon and hydrogen (small amount of oxygen)

Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols and waxes

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24
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol, very energy dense, unsaturated fats are “kinky” (most well known fats)

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25
Phospholipids
Main components of membranes, make up the lipid bilayer. Have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol
26
Sterols (steroids)
Composed of 4 rings Functions in hormones and bile salts Cholesterol functions in membranes but can cause atherosclerosis
27
Waxes
Solid, waterproof coating on plants and animals Long fatty chains linked to alcohols and carbon rings The longer the chain, the higher the mp/bp Extremely non polar
28
Proteins
All made of amino acids Structural components of cells, muscle fibres, hair, enzymes All 20 amino acids have the same structure except for R Joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three- dimensional shape
29
Polypeptide
Linked with peptide bonds (condensation) Sequence determined by DNA
30
Protein denaturation
Changes in pH, temp and ionic concentration causes proteins to unfold and loose their shape Proteins become dysfunctional
31
Nucleic acids
Composed of nucleotides Includes DNA, RNA, ATP and some coenzymes (NAD, FAD) Information storage and flow, energy transfer Blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells, stored hereditary information
32
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid Double Helix Forms genetic code In each human cell
33
Enzymes
An un catalyzed reaction requires a higher activation energy than a catalyzed reaction does An biological catalyst, usually a protein that speeds up a reaction
34
Active site
Where substrate binds (lock and key)
35
Cofactors
Inorganic and non protein Bind to an enzyme for proper function Iron in hemoglobin Magnesium in chlorophyll
36
Co enzymes
Organic, acts as a cofactor Needed for some enzymes to function NAD in energy metabolism requires vitamin B
37
What effects enzyme activity
Enzyme and substrate Inhibitors (drugs, pesticides, poisons, antibiotics) pH and temperature
38
Allosteric regulation
the regulation of one site of a protein by binding to another site on the same protein
39
Types of inhibition
Competitive, non competitive, feedback
40
Competitive inhibition
Competes with substrate for the same active site on an enzyme
41
Non competitive inhibitor
Binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme
42
Feedback inhibition
The regulation of a biochemical pathway by one of the products on the pathway
43
Water lattice
Held together by hydrogen bonds which constantly break and reform which allows molecules to slip past each other. This is why water is a fluid
44
Water lattice in ice
The molecules are farther apart which makes in less dense
45
Water molecules
Small and strongly polar
46
Hydration shell
Prevents ions from re associating
47
Monosaccharide
Consists of a single sugar unit e.g.. glucose
48
Isomer
A molecule that has the same composition of another but a different arrangement of ions
49
Glycosidic bond
A bond between two monosaccharides
50
Monomer
A small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules
51
Polymerization
A process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule
52
Polymer
A large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemical in a chain
53
Fatty acids
contain a cooh group and a hydrocarbon chain Structural backbone of most lipids
54
Saturated fats
A lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain
55
Unsaturated fats
Double or tripple bonds
56
Peptide bond
A covalent bond that links amino acids
57
Peptide
A chain of amino acid subunits which are joined together by a peptide bond
58
Polypeptide
A peptide with more than 50 amino acids
59
Protein structure
Primary= linear sequence Secondary= hydrogen bonding resulting in a coil or fold Tertiary= Interaction of R groups Quaternary= Multiple polypeptides interact
60
Nucleotides
Consists of 5- carbon sugar, nitrogenous base and one- three phosphate groups
61
Phosphodiester bond
A link that is formed by nucleotides and a phosphate bridge
62
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines (uracil, thymine and cytose) Purines (adenine and guanine)
63
Substrate
A substance that is recognized by and binds to an enzyme
64
Induced fit model
A model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a substrate
65
Allosteric site
The regulation of one site of a protein by binding to another site on the same protein
66
Passive transport
Involves movement across a membrane without the use of energy. Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.
67
Diffusion
Random movement of particles from regions of high concentration to low concentration
68
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. The conditions that exist are isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
69
Isotonic
the property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution
70
Hypertonic
the property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution
71
Hypotonic
the property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution
72
Facilitated diffusion
Materials diffuse across a membrane faster than simple diffusion because they are assisted by trans membrane proteins. 3 types
73
Phagocytosis
Engulfs solid particles
74
Exocytosis
Transports molecules to the external environment
75
Dynamic equilibrium
Is the state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions
76
Fluid mosaic model
the idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely
77
glycolipid
any membrane lipid that is bound to a carbohydrate
78
glycoprotein
a membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate, bound to an amino acid
79
integral membrane protein
a protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer
80
peripheral membrane protein
a protein on the surface of the membrane
81
Cell membranes
Proteins floating in a sea of lipids Phospholipids in membranes have a polar hydrophilic head, hydrophibic, fatty acid tails and another polar hydrophilic head
82
Simple difusion
The ability of small and non polar substances to move across a membrane. This will depend on the size and the charge of the molecule
83
transport protein
an integral membrane protein that provides a pathway for molecules to cross a membrane
84
channel protein
a hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through
85
carrier protein
a protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer

Grade 12 bio (8 decks)

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