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Grade 12 bio > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA structure

A
  • A polymer of nucleotides
  • Each nucleotide consists of
    1) Deoxyribose sugar
    2) Phosphate group
    3) Nitrogenous bases
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2
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Pyrimidines= Adenine and thymine (single ring) (2-hydrogen bonds)

Purines= Guanine and cytosine (double ring) (3- hydrogen bonds)

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3
Q

Structure of nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base is attached to the 1’ carbon of the surge by a glycosyl bond

The phosphate is attached to the 5’ carbon by an ester bond

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4
Q

The double helix

A

Two anti parallel strands

Double helix turns in a clockwise direction every 10 nucleotides (3.4nm)

Sugar phosphate backbone forms sides of the molecule

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5
Q

DNA helicase

A

Unwinds the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases- replication form

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6
Q

Single strand binding proteins (SSB’s)

A

Prevents DNA derom annealing

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7
Q

DNA gyrase

A

(topoisomerase) releives any tension to the unwinding of DNA

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8
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Builds complementary DNA to the 5’ to 3’ direction (bonds 3’ end on RNA primer)

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9
Q

Primase

A

Makes RNA primers, sequence of 10-60 RNA bases which first binds to template

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10
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Removes RNA primers, replacing them with DNA

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11
Q

DNTP’s (deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate)

A

Provide energy and new nucleotides (ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP)

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12
Q

Leading strand

A

Build towards replication fork (new DNA in 5’ to 3’ direction)

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13
Q

Lagging strand

A

Synthesized in short fragments opposite to replication fork (new DNA still in 5’ to 3’)

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14
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins okazaki fragments

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15
Q

Replication bubble

A

When two replication forks are quite near each other they from a replication bubble

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16
Q

Meselson and stahl

A

Listed the three possible models of gene replication (conservative, disperse and semiconservative)

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17
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Proposed the idea of the double helix

18
Q

Miescher

A

Proteins were thought to carry genetic information

He collected pus from bandages of his patients and extracted an acidic substance with a high level of phosphorus

He called in nuclein because it was found in the nucleus of white blood cells

19
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Used bacteriophage and ecoli

Labeled DNA with P32 and proteins with S35

Radioactivity was in the DNA, radioactive protein coates had remained outside the bacteria cells while the radioactive DNA had entered the cells

20
Q

Avery, McLeod and McCarty

A

DNA is the transforming substance

21
Q

Chargaff

A

Determined the A:T G:C ratio

Humans have 30.9% A, 29.4%T, 19.9%G and 19.8%C

22
Q

Wilkins and Franklin

A

Used X- ray crystallography to determine the shape of DNA

The atoms in a compound deflected the X- rays creating a pattern

Wilkins had discovered helical structure

Franklin suggested the sugar phosphate backbone faced the outside of the molecule, DNA was a double helix which rotated in a clockwise direction with a diameter of 2nm and that one turn of the helix was 3.4 nm in length

23
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

Studied mutations

24
Q

McClintock

A

Discovered transpoons

25
Q

Ingram

A

Blood relates diseases. Sickle cell anemia

26
Q

Craig Venter

A

Synthesized genomes and DNA in an attempt to synthesize life

27
Q

Histone

A

A special protein molecule that is the core around which the DNA strands wrap

Positively charged

28
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of an organisms hereditary information

29
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular section of DNA found in the cytosol of bacteria, replicates independently of the chromosomal DNA

30
Q

Nucleosome

A

Contains 8 histones

31
Q

Solenoid

A

A group of 6 nucleosomes

32
Q

How does DNA in prokaryotes conserve space

A

Uses a coiling technique (super coiling)

33
Q

Telomers repeating sequences of nucleotides

A

repeating sequences of nucleotides

34
Q

Telomerase

A

An enzyme that adds new teller sequences to the ends of chromosomes

35
Q

Cell senescence

A

the period in a cell’s lifespan when it looses the ability to divide and grow, often referred to as the cell’s aging

36
Q

Hayflick limit

A

The total number of times that a normal cell can divide

37
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers of DNA

38
Q

Telomere

A

A repeating sequence of DNA at the end of a chromosome that protects coding regions from being lost during replication

39
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Bacteria that targets bacteria, the one they used had both a DNA and a protein coat
No one knew much about virus because they could not be seen

40
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine, double ring structure

41
Q

Pyrmidines

A

Thymine and cytosine, single ring structure

Grade 12 bio (8 decks)

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